| | | |
Marigold | | |
Not to be confused with the more toxic tagetes species of
marigolds popular in North American gardens, the officinalis
species are native to Europe and parts of Asia. The annual herb grows to
two feet in height and produces vivid orange to yellow flower heads
similar to daisies. Calendula was so named by the ancient Romans who
observed that the flower bloomed on the first day (Latin: kalends)
of every month. Calendula, or marigold, has long been praised for its
healing properties taken internally and externally. Today, it is more
often used, topically, as a treatment for cuts, scrapes, sores, and burns.
However, its anti-inflammatory and anti-viral actions may also be
benefited by those who take teas and liquid or dried supplements
containing calendula extract.
| |
| Common Name | | | Marigold
| | | Botanical Latin Name / Classification | | | Calendula officinalis
| | | Parts Used | | | Flower petals, dried flowers, leaves
| | | Other Names | | | Gold-Bloom, Marigold, Marybud, Pot Marigold, Caltha officinalis, Golds,
Ruddes, Mary Gowles, Oculus Christi, Marygold, Fiore d'Ogni Mese, Solis
Sponsa, Poor Man's Saffron, Calendula, and Holigold.
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| | | Description | | | Native to Egypt and the Mediterranean, marigold, or calendula, is an
attractive, yellow-flowering plant. Europeans have grown this plant in
their gardens for centuries for use nutritionally and medicinally. A
member of the aster family, calendula should not be confused with its
close relative, the common garden marigold (Tagetes species), which
produces similar blooms but is regarded as too toxic for human
consumption. It is primarily the colorful flower petals that are used
medicinally.
The name "calendula" refers to the plant's
perceived tendency to bloom according to the calendar, on a monthly basis,
as observed by Ancient Romans. Calendula has also been called "poor
man's saffron," due to its ability to brighten up both the color
and flavor of soups, rice, and chowders. In modern culinary practices, the
colorful marigold petals are a popular garnish for salads.
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| | | Traditional Internal Uses | | | Calendula flower was well known to the old herbalists as a garden flower
that also could be used for culinary or healing practices. It has been
cultivated in the kitchen garden for the flowers, which are dried for
broth, and said to comfort the heart and spirits.
While Persians
and Greeks garnished and flavored food with the flower petals, the
Germans enhanced their soups and broths with the addition of marigold
petals. This earned this special yellow flower the nickname of
"pot marigold". Europeans have also long used marigold flower to
impart both coloring and flavor to their culinary
creations.
Medieval monks were known to use calendula for bowel
problems, liver complaints, and insect or snake bites.
In Macer's
12th Century Herbal, it is stated that only to look on marigolds
will draw evil humours out of the head and strengthen the eyesight. In
1699, calendula was cited as a specific remedy for headaches, jaundice,
red eyes, tootheache and ague. Broths made from flowers and sugar were
taken in the morning for trembling, the plague, and
pestilence.
During the American Civil War, doctors on the
battlefield used the flowers to hasten the healing of open wounds,
promote blood clotting, cleanse the tissue, and to prevent infection. The
practice continued by doctors during the first World War.
In
modern herbalist prescriptions, the inflammation of a sore throat is
believed to be soothed by gargling with an infusion prepared from dried
calendula flowers. The German Commission E Monographs approve of using
calendula tea for treating "inflammation of the oral and pharyngeal
mucosa."
Taken internally, calendula is believed to help
inflammatory digestive system problems, including gastritis, peptic
ulcers, regional ileitis, and colitis. Its anti-fungal and anti-parasitic
actions make it useful for ridding intestinal worms and such fungal
infections as candidiasis.
Calendula has long been used
for its detoxifying properties and may prove beneficial in the
treatment of conditions characterized by fever and
infection. The herb is also thought to possess a cleansing action
benefitting both the liver and gallbladder.
If taken as a hot
infusion, calendula promotes sweating, improves blood and lymphatic
circulation, and in turn bolsters the body's natural capacity
to expel toxins and waste.
Calendula, or marigold, may be
particularly beneficial for women. Taken regularly, marigold tea can ease
the pain of menstruation and provide a regulating effect on the female
reproductive cycle. Additionally, calendula is thought to restore hormonal
balance during menopause. Calendula, when combined with regular massage,
may benefit cellulite, though this has not been
scientifically validated.
Browse Sections | View Marigold products
| | | Traditional Topical Uses | | | Marigold or calendula flower has long been used in topical applications
and baths for a variety of health conditions. Culpepper wrote of how it
strengthened the heart, and was useful for small pox and measles. He also
mentioned how calendula instantly eased swelling when the juice of
marigold leaves were used in combination with vinegar in a
bath.
Today, calendula is regarded as a natural remedy for many
minor superficial injuries to the skin and soft tissue such as sunburns,
cuts and bruises, and scrapes and scratches. Historically, this herb was
used to treat a wide variety of ailments, such as fever, cancer, and skin
infections. Contemporary herbalists now prescribe calendula, topically, in
herbal or homeopathic form, for conditions like boils, rashes, sunburns,
chapped hands, insect bites, and other instances of inflamed or damaged
skin. Calendula-based creams, lotions, and ointments are still widely used
in Europe to increase the healing time of various skin problems.
Gradually, their presence in the North American market is expanding to
include, pharmacies, health food stores, as well as the offices of many
natural health practitioners.
The herb's primary active compounds
responsible for its anti-inflammatory action include triterpenoids and
flavonoids. The anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, antiseptic, and astringent
properties of calendula flower petals are supported by in vitro and
animal studies. Studies also support its potential immune-stimulating and
wound-healing actions.
Calendula used topically may be helpful
for:- Burns and sunburns: Because it can reduce inflammation
and has antiseptic and astringent properties, calendula may help burns to
heal more rapidly. Some herbalists insist that it is the most effective
component in the herbal treatment of first-degree burns. It is for this
reason that many creams and ointments formulated for sunburn contain
calendula.
- Athlete's foot: In laboratory studies, calendula
has demonstrated anti-fungal properties. Because athlete's foot is, by
nature, a fungal infection, it follows that calendula would be beneficial
as part of a natural treatment.
- Itching associated with insect
bites and stings: Calendula's confirmed anti-inflammatory action means
that it can reduce the swelling and potential itching associated with
insect bites. The further benefits of preventing subsequent infection and
hastening healing may be attributed to the anti-microbial and astringent
actions of this special flower.
- Canker sores: Gargling with
a calendula solution may provide relief for those with these painful
sores. The combined antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties of
marigold flower are thought to be responsible for easing the pain
associated with these inflamed oral blisters.
- Healing of cuts
and scrapes: For many of the same reasons mentioned above, calendula
is often recommended for cuts and scratches, helping the wound to heal
more rapidly.
Browse Sections | View Marigold products
| | | Indications | | | Primary Indications: Skin Disorders, Cuts and Abrasions, Minor, Burns, Immunity / Immune Disorders
Secondary Indications: Gastrointestinal Disorders, Gastritis / Gastric Juices, Peptic Ulcer, Ulcers, Colitis, Yeast Infection (Candida Albicans), Worms, Ringworms, Tapeworms, Pinworms, Menstruation Problems, Menopause
Other Indications: Colon Disease, Eye Disorders, Gallbladder Disorders, Insect Bites and Bee Stings, Jaundice, Liver Disorders, Measles, Migraine Headache, Snake Bites, Tooth Decay (Cavities / Caries)
Primary Indications: Bruising, Swelling / Inflammation
Secondary Indications: Sore Throat
Browse Sections | View Marigold products
| | | Actions | | | Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Antiviral, Astringent, Bile Flow / Bile Duct / Bile Stimulant, Bitter Tonic, Detoxifying, Diaphoretic, Estrogenic, Female Tonic, Healing, Immunoactive / Immunomodulatory / Immunostimulative, Menstrual Regulating, Stimulant
Browse Sections | View Marigold products
| | | Constituents / Nutrients | | | Flavonoids: Pharmacopoeial standard not less than 0.4%
flavonoids.(G15 G28) Flavonol (isorhamnetin, quercetin) glycosides
including isoquercitrin, narcissin, neohesperidoside, and
rutin.(1)
Polysaccharides: Three polysaccharides
PS-I, -II and -III have a (3)-beta-D-galactan backbone with short side
chains at C-6, comprising alpha-araban-(3)-araban,
alpha-L-rhamnan-(3)-araban or simple alpha-L-rhamnan
moieties.(2)
Terpenoids: Many components, including
alpha- and beta-amyrin, lupeol, longispinogenin, oleanolic acid, arnidiol,
brein, calenduladiol, erythrodiol, faradiol, faradiol-3-myristic acid
ester, faradiol-3-palmitic acid ester,(3) helantriols A1, B0, B1 and B2,
lupeol, maniladiol, urs-12-en-3,16,21-triol, ursadiol; oleanolic acid
saponins including calendulosides C-H;(4) campesterol, cholesterol,
sitosterol, stigmasterol and taraxasterol
(sterols).(5)
Volatile Oils: Terpenoid components
include menthone, isomenthone, caryophyllene and an epoxide and ketone
derivative, pedunculatine, alpha- and beta-ionone, a beta-ionone epoxide
derivative, dihydro actinidiolide.(6)
Other
Constituents: Bitter (loliolide),(7) arvoside A (sesquiterpene
glycoside),(8) carotenoid pigments(9) and calendulin (gum).(9)
111
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| | | Pharmacological Summary | | | Phytochemical studies have reported four main groups of constituents, for
calendula, namely flavonoids, polysaccharides, volatile oil and
triterpenes. The latter seems to represent the principal group, with many
compounds isolated including pentacyclic alcohols, glycosides (saponins)
and sterols. Animal studies have reported wound-healing and
anti-inflammatory effects, supporting the traditional uses of calendula in
various dermatological conditions. The anti-inflammatory effect is due to
the triterpenoid constituents although flavonoids may contribute to the
activity. The reputed antispasmodic effect may be attributable to the
volatile oil fraction. In addition, immunostimulant activity has been
reported for high mol ecular weight polysaccharide components. Despite the
popularity of calendula in herbal preparations there is little substantial
clinical evidence to support its use.
Browse Sections | View Marigold products
| | | Scientific Research and Pharmacologicial Actions | | | In Vitro and Animal Studies
Anti-inflammatory,
antibacterial and antiviral activities have been reported for
calendula.(10) Weak anti-inflammatory activity in rats
(carrageenan-induced oedema) has been reported.(11,12) An aqueous
ethanolic extract had mild dose-dependent action in the mouse croton oil
test with 20% inhibition being reached at a dose of 1200 æg/ear, whereas a
carbon dioxide extract exhibited 70% inhibition at the same
concentration.(5,13) The activity was shown to be due to the
triterpenoids, the most active being a monoester of faradiol. Further
separation of the triterpenoids has shown that the three most active
compounds in the croton oil mouse test are faradiol-3-myristic acid ester,
faradiol-3-palmitic acid ester and 4-taraxosterol.(3)
A
polysaccharide enriched extract showed strong concentration-dependent
adhesive properties on porcine buccal membranes ex vivo.(14) Fluorescent
labelled rhamnogalacturan indicated the presence of polysaccharide layers
on buccal membranes, leading to the suggestion that irritated buccal
membranes may be smoothed by mucilage.
The formation of new blood
vessels is an essential part of the wound-healing process. Angiogenic
activity has been shown for a freeze-dried aqueous extract of calendula
utilising the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay.(15) The number
of microvessels in calendula-treated CAMs was significantly higher than in
the control (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, calendula-treated CAMs were
positive for the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) associated with
neovascularisation. The presence of HA was not demonstrated in control
CAMs.
A combination of allantoin and calendula extract applied to
surgically induced skin wounds in rats has been reported to stimulate
physiological regeneration and epithelisation.(16) This effect was
attributed to a more intensive metabolism of glycoproteins, nucleoproteins
and collagen proteins during the regenerative period in the tissues.(16)
Allantoin applied on its own was found to exert a much weaker
action.(16)
A proprietary cream containing a combination of plant
extracts, including calendula, has been reported to be effective in
dextran and burn oedemas and in acute lymphoedema in rats. Activity
against lymph oedema was primarily attributed to an enhancement of
macrophage proteolytic activity.(17) Slight increases in foot oedema were
attributed to a vasodilatory action.
The trichomonacidal activity
of calendula has been associated with the essential oil terpenoid
fraction.(6)An in vitro uterotonic effect has been described for
calendula extract on rabbit and guinea-pig
preparations.(18)
Immunostimulant activity, assayed using
granulocyte and carbon clearance tests, of calendula extracts has been
attributed to polysaccharide fractions of high molecular weight.(19)
Polysaccharides PS-I, -II and -III have immunostimulant activity at
concentrations of 10-5 to 10-6 mg/mL, stimulating phagocytosis of human
granulocytes in vitro.(2) A dry 70% ethanolic extract was not directly
mitogenic, and was inhibitory in the mitogen-induced lymphocyte assay,
causing stimulation at concentrations of 0.1-10 æg/mL, and inhibition at
higher concentrations.(20)
A 70% methanolic extract of calendula
was successively extracted with ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and
n-butanol, leaving a residual aqueous extract. Each of the five extracts
were concentrated and dissolved in 50% ethanol to produce 6% (w/v)
solutions which were assessed for activity on liposomal lipid peroxidation
induced by Fe2+ and ascorbic acid. The ether, butanol and water extracts
showed antioxidant activity.(21)
The triterpenoid constituents of
calendula are reported to be effective as spermicides and as
antiblastocyst and abortion agents.
In vitro cytotoxic
activity and in vivo antitumour activity (against mouse Ehrlich carcinoma)
have been documented for calendula extracts.(7) The most active fraction
in vivo (saponin-rich) was not the most active in vitro.(10)
A 70%
aqueous ethanolic extract had marked antiviral activity against influenza
virus and herpes simplex virus. A dichloromethane-methanol (1 : 1)
extract exhibited potent anti-HIV activity in an in vitro
MTT/tetrazolium-based assay.(22) Uninfected Molt-4 cells were completely
protected for up to 24 hours from fusion and subsequent death caused by
co-cultivation with persistently infected U-937/HIV-1 cells. The organic
extract caused a significant concentration- and time-dependent reduction
of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.(22)
In a study in mice fed for
three weeks with a diet containing either 0.1% or 0.4% of a calendula
extract (containing 37% of esters of the carotenoid lutein), mammary
tumour cells were infused into the mammary glands. Tumour latency
increased, and tumour growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by
dietary lutein. In addition, dietary lutein was reported to enhance
lymphocyte proliferation.(23)
Clinical Studies
A
proprietary cream preparation containing several plant extracts, including
calendula, has been reported to reduce pain associated with postmastectomy
lymphoedema, although there was no significant clinical difference in the
reduction of oedema between controls and experimental groups.(17)
Calendula tincture 20% has been reported to be useful in the treatment of
chronic suppurative otitis.(24) Calendula extracts are used to accelerate
healing and to reduce inflammation.(9) Thirty patients with burns or
scalds were treated three times daily with a hydrogel containing 10%
aqueous ethanolic extract of calendula for 14 days in an open,
uncontrolled, pilot study.(25) Improvement was noted for reddening,
swelling, blistering, pain, soreness and heat sensitivity.
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| | | Precautions / Contraindications | | | Calendula may cause an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals,
especially those with an existing hypersensitivity to other members of the
Asteraceae/Compositae.
Pregnancy and
Lactation
Calendula is traditionally reputed to affect the
menstrual cycle. An uterotonic effect (in vitro) has been reported, and
the triterpenoid constituents are reported to be effective as
spermatocides and as antiblastocyst and abortion agents. In view of the
lack of toxicity data, the use of calendula is best avoided during
pregnancy and lactation.
When treating any type of wound, remember
that the most important thing you can do to prevent infection is to
thoroughly clean the area before applying calendula ointment or any other
type of herb or medicine.
Browse Sections | View Marigold products
| | | Interaction with Medications | | | None documented.
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| | | Possible Side Effects | | | An aqueous extract of calendula had an LD50 of 375 mg/kg (intravenous
administration) and an LD100 of 580 mg/kg (intraperitoneal administration)
in mice.(G52) Aqueous ethanolic extracts (drug/extract ratio 1 : 1 and 0.5
: 1, 30% ethanol) had LD50 values of 45 mg/mouse (subcutaneous
administration) and 526 mg/100 g in rat (intravenous administration). An
aqueous extract was not toxic following chronic administration to mice.
Six saponins at doses of 400 micrograms were non-mutagenic in the Ames
test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with and without S9 activation
mixture.(G52) In vitro cytotoxicity has been reported for calendula
extracts.(10) Extracts have been reported to be non-carcinogenic in rats
and hamsters.(G52)
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| | | Dosage | | | Dried Florets: 1-4 g or by infusion three times
daily.(G7)
Liquid Extract: 0.5-1.0 mL (1 : 1 in 40% alcohol)
three times daily.(G7)
Calendula Tincture: (BPC 1934)
0.3-1.2 mL (1 : 5 in 90% alcohol) three times
daily.(G7)
Dried Extract: Marigold (Calendula) capsules are
generally available in strengths that range from 300 to 600 mg. Within
herbal blends, quantities of marigold flower are significantly smaller.
Typically, a capsule strength of 400 to 500 mg is recommended to be taken
3 times daily.
External Use
Tincture-liquid extract (1 : 1) in 40% alcohol or tincture 1 : 5 in 90%
alcohol. Apply to wounds as such and dilute 1 : 3 with water for
compresses. Ointment 2.5%.(G52)
The German Commission E Monographs
recommend the following dosages for liquid preparations /
infusions:- 1-2 g per cup of water (150 mL) or 1-2 teaspoons (2-4
mL) tincture per 1/4-1/2 L water, or prepared in ointments equivalent to
2-5 g crude drug in 100 g ointment.
Guidelines For Specific
Indications:- For burns (including sunburn), apply three times a
day to affected area until healed.
- For athletes foot, apply cream
or lotion to affected area twice a day until clear.
- For insect
bites and stings, rub a small dab of cream into skin several times a day
or as needed.
- For canker sores, rinse mouth 1 tbsp. liquid extract
mixed with 1/2 cup water or with cooled tea 3 times a day.
- For
cuts and scrapes, apply ointment or cream 3 times a day, bandaging lightly
if necessary.
Browse Sections | View Marigold products
| | | Preparation | | | To make calendula tea, pour 1 cup of boiling water over 1/2 teaspoon of
dried florets (flower tops) and steep for 10 minutes. Once cooled, use the
tea as a mouthwash, gargle, or in a cooling compress for wounds.
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| | | References | | | 1. Vidal-Ollivier E et al. Flavonol glycosides from Calendula officinalis
flowers. Planta Med 1989; 55: 73.
2. Varljen J et al. Structural analysis of a rhamnoarabinogalactan and
arabinogalactans with immuno-stimulating activity from Calendula
officinalis. Phytochemistry 1989; 28: 2379-2383.
3. Zitterl-Eglseer K et al. Anti-oedematous activities of the main
triterpendiol esters of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). J
Ethnopharmacol 1997; 57: 139-144.(PubMed)
4. Pizza C et al. Plant metabolites. Triterpenoid saponins from Calendula
arvensis. J Nat Prod 1987; 50: 927-931.
5. Della Loggia R et al. The role of triterpenoids in the topical
anti-inflammatory activity of Calendula officinalis flowers. Planta Med
1994; 60: 516-520.(PubMed)
6. Gracza L. Oxygen-containing terpene derivatives from Calendula
officinalis. Planta Med 1987; 53: 227.
7. Willuhn G, Westhaus R-G. Loliolide (Calendin) from Calendula
officinalis. Planta Med 1987; 53: 304.
8. Pizza C, de Tommasi N. Plants metabolites. A new sesquiterpene
glycoside from Calendula arvensis. J Nat Prod 1987; 50: 784-789.
9. Fleischner AM. Plant extracts: To accelerate healing and reduce
inflammation. Cosmet Toilet 1985; 100: 45.
10. Boucard-Maitre Y et al. Cytotoxic and antitumoral activity of
Calendula officinalis extracts. Pharmazie 1988; 43: 220.(PubMed)
11. Peyroux J et al. Proprits anti-oedmateuses et anti-hyperhmiantes
du Calendula officinalis L. Plant Md Phytothr 1981; 15: 210-216.
12. Mascolo N et al. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for
anti-inflammatory activity. Phytother Res 1987; 1: 28-31.
13. Della Loggia R et al. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Calendula
officinalis extracts. Planta Med 1990; 56: 658.
14. Schmidgall J et al. Evidence for bioadhesive effects of
polysaccharides and polysaccharide-containing herbs in a ex vivo
bioadhesion assay on buccal membranes. Planta Med 2000; 66:
48-53.(PubMed)
15. Patrick KFM et al. Induction of vascularisation by an aqueous extract
of the flowers of Calendula officinalis L. the European marigold.
Phytomedicine 1996; 3: 11-18.
16. Kioucek-Popova E et al. Influence of the physiological regeneration
and epithelization using fractions isolated from Calendula officinalis.
Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 1982; 8: 63-67.(PubMed)
17. Casley-Smith JR, Casley-Smith JR. The effect of `Unguentum
lymphaticum' on acute experimental lymphedema and other high-protein
edemas. Lymphology 1983; 16: 150-156.(PubMed)
18. Shipochliev T. Extracts from a group of medicinal plants enhancing the
uterine tonus. Vet Med Nauki 1981; 4: 94-98.
19. Wagner H et al. Immunostimulating polysaccharides (heteroglycans) of
higher plants. Arzneimittel forschung 1985; 35: 1069.(PubMed)
20. Amirghofran Z et al. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of
five herbal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 72: 167-712.(PubMed)
21. Popovic M et al. Combined effects of plant extracts and xenobiotics on
liposomal lipid peroxidation. Part 1. Marigold
extract-ciprofloxacin/pyralene. Oxidation Commun 1999; 22: 487-494.
22. Kalvatchev Z et al. Anti-HIV activity of extracts from Calendula
officinalis flowers. Biomed Pharmacother 1997; 51: 176-180.(PubMed)
23. Chew BP et al. Effects of lutein from marigold extract on immunity and
growth of mammary tumors in mice. Anticancer Res 1996; 16:
3689-3694.(PubMed)
24. Shaparenko BA. On use of medicinal plants for treatment of patients
with chronic suppurative otitis. Zh Ushn Gorl Bolezn 1979; 39: 48-51.
25. Baranov von AP. Calendula - wie ist die wirksamkeit bei verbrennungen
und verbrhungen?. Dtsch Apotheker Zeitung 1999; 139:
2135-2138.
Our thanks to the following information
resources: MedicinesComplete.com, American Botanical Council
(Herbalgram.org), WholehealthMD.com, Botanical.com, Vitacost.com,
Purplesage.org, and Innvista.com.
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| |
| | 18 total products | | | Marigold (Read all about Marigold.)
Botanical Latin Name: Calendula officinalis
Plant Part: Flower petals, dried flowers, leaves | |
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Marigold - Health - Marigold (Calendula) Tea (Zeaxanthin)
25 tea bags
9.30 US
More Info
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Marigold - Health - Eczema Support - Chickweed & Calendula (Marigold) - Powder
4 oz / 114 g
17.44 US
More Info
| |
Marigold - Health - Eczema Support - Chickweed & Calendula (Marigold) - Powder
1 oz / 28 g
9.46 US
More Info
| |
Marigold - Health - Eczema Support - Chickweed & Calendula (Marigold) - Tea (Loose)
4 oz / 114 g
10.36 US
More Info
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Marigold - Health - Eczema Support - Chickweed & Calendula (Marigold) - Tea (Loose)
8 oz / 227 g
15.05 US
More Info
| |
Marigold - Health - Eczema Support - Chickweed & Calendula (Marigold) - Tea
25 tea bags
10.90 US
More Info
| |
Marigold - Health - Eczema Support - Chickweed & Calendula (Marigold) - Tea
50 tea bags
16.28 US
More Info
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These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease. If conditions persist, please seek advice from your medical doctor.
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