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	Horehound
	Historical writings indicate that the wild perennial plant, horehound, has been used for centuries for medicinal purposes. Growing wild in many parts of Europe and Asia, horehound has long been noted for its efficacy in lung troubles and respiratory complaints. The main active expectorant principle in white horehound is reported to be marrubiin, which is stated to stimulate secretions of the bronchial mucosa. Horehound has also been used for stomach and gastrointestinal complaints due to the fact that marrubiin stimulated bile secretions in laboratory rats. Human trials are warranted give the limited animal and in vitro studies to date, as well as the extensive historical documentation linking horehound with conditions of the respiratory tract.

	Browse Sections:
	Summary Other Names Description Traditional Internal Uses Indications Actions Constituents / Nutrients Pharmacological Summary		Scientific Research / Actions Research Precautions / Contraindications Interaction with Medications Possible Side Effects Dosage References

	Common Name
	Horehound
	Botanical Latin Name / Classification
	Marubium vulgare
	Parts Used
	Flower, leaf
	Other Names
	Common Hoarhound, Hoarhound, Horehound, Marrubium, Seed of Horus, Bull's Blood, Eye of the Star. Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Description
	Horehound is a perennial plant with small white flowers found growing in the wild throughout Europe and Asia. All parts of the plant are used medicinally.1 The plant is bushy, producing numerous annual, quadrangular and branching stems, a foot or more in height, on which the whitish flowers are borne in crowded, axillary, woolly whorls. The leaves are much wrinkled, opposite, petiolate, about 1 inch long, covered with white, felted hairs, which give them a woolly appearance. They have a curious, musky smell, which is diminished by drying and lost on keeping. Horehound flowers from June to September. Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Traditional Internal Uses
	Horehound was reportedly first used in ancient Rome by the physician Claudius Galen (ca. 130-200 CE), who recommended it as a therapy for coughs and other respiratory ailments. Like Galen, Nicholas Culpeper, the 17th-century English pharmacist, commented that it was helpful for a cough and was also useful in helping remove stubborn phlegm from the lung. Similarly, American Eclectic physicians (doctors who recommended herbs) of the 19th century remarked on its value as a medicinal plant not only for coughs and asthma but also in menstrual complaints.2 Ancient Greeks reportedly relied on horehound (Marrabium vulgare) to treat mad-dog bite, which explains the "hound" in this plant's name. But over time, it has been this herb's power to control a cough that has made it so popular. Soothing teas, lozenges, and syrups concocted from its wooly leaves and white flowering tops make a cough more productive by stimulating phlegm (mucus) output in the airways. Colds, bronchitis, and other minor respiratory problems often respond to horehound treatment as well. The Romans esteemed Horehound for its medicinal properties, and its Latin name of Marrubium is said to be derived from Maria urbs, an ancient town of Italy. Other authors derive its name from the Hebrew marrob (a bitter juice), and state that it was one of the bitter herbs which the Jews were ordered to take for the Feast of Passover. The Egyptian Priests called this plant the 'Seed of Horus,' or the 'Bull's Blood,' and the 'Eye of the Star.' It was a principal ingredient in Caesar's antidote for vegetable poisons. Herbalist John Gerard (1545-1612) recommends it, in addition to its uses in coughs and colds, to "those that have drunk poyson or have been bitten of serpents," and it was also administered for "mad dogge's biting." It was also once regarded as an anti-magical herb. According to the ancient botanist Lucius Columella (1st Century CE), Horehound is a serviceable remedy against Cankerworm in trees, and it is stated that if it be put into new milk and set in a place pestered with flies, it will speedily kill them all. Preparations of Horehound are still largely used as expectorants and tonics. It may, indeed, be considered one of the most popular pectoral remedies, being given with benefit for chronic cough, asthma, and some cases of consumption. Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Indications
	Primary Indications: Respiratory Problems, Lung Health, Whooping Cough, Asthma Secondary Indications: Indigestion, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Menstruation Problems Other Indications: Dog Bites, Insect Bites and Bee Stings Primary Indications: Coughing, Catarrh, Phlegm Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Actions
	Anticatarrh, Expectorant, Uterine Stimulant, Vasodilator, Cholagogue Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Constituents / Nutrients
	Horehound contains a number of constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, diterpenes (e.g., marrubiin), and trace amount of volatile oils.3 The major active constituent in horehound is marrubiin, which is thought to be responsible for the expectorant (promotion of coughing up of mucus) action of the herb. In addition, marrubiin contributes to the bitter taste of horehound, an action that increases the flow of saliva and gastric juice, thereby stimulating the appetite.4 These actions likely explain the long-standing use of horehound as a cough suppressant and expectorant as well as a bitter digestive tonic. *Alkaloids:* Pyrrolidine-type. Betonicine 0.3%, the cis-isomer turicine. *Flavonoids:* Apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and their glycosides.(5) *Terpenoids:* Diterpenes including marrubiin 0.3-1.0%, a lactone, as the main component with lesser amounts of various alcohols (e.g. marrubenol, marrubiol, peregrinol and vulgarol). Marrubiin has also been stated to be an artefact formed from a precursor, premarrubiin, during extraction.(6) *Volatile Oils:* Trace. Bisabolol, camphene, p-cymene, limonene, Beta-pinene, sabinene and others,(6) a sesquiterpene (unspecified). *Other Constituents:* Choline, saponin (unspecified), á-sitosterol (a phytosterol), waxes (C26-C34 alkanes). Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Pharmacological Summary
	The chemistry of white horehound is well documented. Limited pharmacological information is available, although expectorant properties have been reported which support some of the herbal uses in conditions of the upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, horehound's ability to stimulate bile secretions suggests a benefit for digestive complaints. In view of the lack of toxicity data and suggested cardioactive properties, white horehound should not be taken in excessive doses. Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Scientific Research and Pharmacologicial Actions
	In Vitro and Animal Studies Aqueous extracts have been reported to exhibit an antagonistic effect towards hydroxytryptamine in vivo in mice, and in vitro in guinea-pig ileum and rat uterus tissue.(8) Expectorant and vasodilative properties have been documented for the volatile oil.(9) However, the main active expectorant principle in white horehound is reported to be marrubiin, which is stated to stimulate secretions of the bronchial mucosa. Marrubiin has also been stated to be cardioactive, possessing anti-arrhythmic properties, although higher doses are reported to cause arrhythmias. Marrubin acid (obtained from the saponification of marrubiin) has been documented to stimulate bile secretion in rats, whereas marrubiin was found to be inactive.(10) White horehound is stated to possess bitter properties (BI 65 000 compared to gentian BI 10 000-30 000) with marrubiin as the main active component. Large doses of white horehound are purgative. The volatile oil has antischistosomal activity.(11) Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Research
	"Nature's Double-Barreled Assault on Colds and Coughs" Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Precautions / Contraindications
	Cardioactive properties and an antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptamine have been documented in animals. Horehound has been safely used for centuries. But avoid taking more that commonly recommended. One of the herb active ingredients, a volatile oil called marrubiin, could potentially cause heart irregularities in large doses. Limited research in animals indicates that substances in horehound stimulate the uterus. To be safe, pregnant women should avoid the herb. *Pregnancy and Lactation* White horehound is reputed to be an abortifacient and to affect the menstrual cycle. Uterine stimulant activity in animals has been documented. In view of this and the lack of safety data, the use of white horehound during pregnancy should be avoided. Excessive use during lactation should be avoided. Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Interaction with Medications
	Horehound may dangerously increase the blood sugar-lowering effects of drugs designed to lower blood glucose, such as insulin and oral antidiabetic agents. Avoid combining horehound with these medicines. There are no other known drug or nutrient interactions associated with horehound. Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Possible Side Effects
	Since horehound acts as a bitter and may increase production of stomach acid, people with gastritis or peptic ulcer disease should use it cautiously. Horehound should not be used during pregnancy, as it may stimulate contractions. The plant juice of white horehound is stated to contain an irritant principle, which can cause contact dermatitis. No documented toxicity studies were located for the whole plant, although an LD50 (rat, by mouth) value for marrubin acid is reported as 370 mg/kg body weight.(10) The volatile oil is documented to be highly toxic to the flukes Schisto soma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium.(11) Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	Dosage
	For adults, the German Commission E monograph recommends approximately 3/4 teaspoon (4.5 grams) of horehound per day or 2-6 tablespoons (30-90 mL) of the pressed juice.5 Alternatively, horehound tea can be prepared from approximately 1/4-1/2 teaspoon (1-2 grams) of root boiled in about 7 ounces (200 mL) of water for ten minutes. Three cups (750 mL) of this tea can be drunk per day. Horehound is sometimes found in herbal lozenges that are used for coughs. Dried Extract: Horehound capsules are generally available in strengths that range from 400 to 700 mg. Within herbal blends, quantities of horehound are significantly smaller. Typically, a capsule strength of 400 to 500 mg is recommended to be taken 3 times daily. Browse Sections \| View Horehound products
	References
	1. Wren RC. Potter's New Cyclopedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations. Essex, England: C.W. Daniel Co., 1988, 146. 2. Castleman M. The Healing Herbs. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1991, 216-7. 3. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, 2d ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 303. 4. Bradley PR. British Herbal Compendium, vol 1. Great Britain: British Herbal Medicine Association, 1990, 218-9. 5. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council and Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 127-8. 6. Kowalewski Z, Matlawska I. Flavonoid compounds in the herb of Marrubium vulgare L. Herba Pol 1978; 24: 183-186. 7. Henderson MS, McCrindle R. Premarrubiin. A diterpernoid from Marrubium vulgare L. J Chem Soc 1969; (C): 2014. 8. Cahen R. Pharmacologic spectrum of Marrubium vulgare. C R Soc Biol 1970; 164: 1467-1472. 9. Karryev MO et al. Some therapeutic properties and phytochemistry of common horehound. Izv Akad Nauk Turkm SSR Ser Biol Nauk 1976; 3: 86-88. 10. Krejc¡ I, Zadina R. Die Gallentreibende Wirkung von Marrubiin und Marrabins„ure. Planta Med; 1959; 7: 1-7. 11. Saleh MM, Glombitza KW. Volatile oil of Marrubium vulgare and its anti-schistosomal activity. Planta Med 1989; 55: 105. Our thanks to the following information resources: WholehealthMD.com, MedicinesComplete.com, Vitacost.com, American Botanical Council (Herbalgram.org), and Botanical.com. Browse Sections \| View Horehound products