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	Dandelion
	Dandelion is widely considered an invasive, unattractive weed, but must be regarded as a Godsend to the manufacturers of lawn herbicides. While the dandelion's efficacy in destroying a perfect green, carpeted lawn is undisputed, its efficacy for health matters is - or should be - of greater interest. Dandelion has widely been used in foods, wines, beverages, and health preparations of all kinds worldwide. Its medicinal actions seem to target the digestive and eliminative systems of the body. Animal studies demonstrate extremely positive diuretic and bile-producing effects whereby dandelion extracts outperform chemical drugs without the side effects. Unfortunately, human trials are non-existent in these areas. Research in humans that has focused on health conditions such as cancer and diabetes has yielded positive results. However, these positive findings are attributed to herbal blends and, consequently, dandelion's specific effect on these results can only be surmised.

	Browse Sections:
	Summary Other Names Description Traditional Internal Uses Indications Actions Constituents / Nutrients Pharmacological Summary		Scientific Research / Actions Research Precautions / Contraindications Interaction with Medications Possible Side Effects Dosage References

	Common Name
	Dandelion
	Botanical Latin Name / Classification
	Taraxacum officinalis
	Parts Used
	Root and Leaf
	Other Names
	Pise-En-Lit, Pee-The-Bed, Lion's Tooth, Fairy Clock, Blowball, Cankerwort, Priest's Crown, Puffball, Swine Snout, White Endive, Wild Endive. Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Description
	Dandelion is a native of western Europe where it grows in meadows, fields and fallow land. It originated in Central Asia, but now grows almost anywhere in the world, preferring moist conditions. It has a rosette of characteristic 'lion's tooth' (derived from the French "dent de lion,") leaves, from the centre of which arises the hollow stem bearing the yellow capitulate flowerhead made up of 200 or more ligulate bisexual florets. These give way to the familiar 'fairy clock'. The long taproot arises from a short rhizome. All the underground parts are covered with a dark brown bark, but are almost white inside and, like the stem, produce a bitter-tasting white milky sap. Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Traditional Internal Uses
	For centuries, dandelion root has been regarded as an effective, gentle laxative. The roots and leaves are most often used to treat liver conditions such as jaundice and hepatitis, and to encourage normal digestion. The yellow flower also contains beneficial compounds. In fact, all parts of the plant have high concentrations of vitamin A, as well as choline, a B vitamin that stimulates the liver. Dandelion is even being explored as a treatment for cancer and other conditions. Dandelion is sold as a single-herb supplement, and is also available in combinations called liver-complex or lipotropic (fat-metabolizing) formulas. Other ingredients in these products that may benefit liver function include milk thistle, inositol, hexaniacinate, methionine, and choline. Dandelion leaves and roots have been used for hundreds of years to treat liver, gallbladder, kidney, and joint problems. In some traditions, dandelion is considered a blood purifier and is used for conditions as varied as eczema and cancer. As is the case today, dandelion leaves have also been used historically to treat water retention. The German E Commission endorses Dandelion for disturbances in bile flow, stimulation of diuresis, loss of appetite, and dyspepsia. Commonly used as a food, the leaves of the dandelion plant are used in salads, teas and wines, while the roots are sometimes used as a coffee substitute. Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Indications
	Primary Indications: Liver Disorders, Kidney Disorders, Gallbladder Disorders, Gallstones, Constipation, Hemorrhoids, Indigestion, Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Secondary Indications: Eczema (Dermatitis), Edema (Dropsy), Diabetes (Type I / Type II), Dyspepsia Other Indications: Pregnancy, Postpartum Depression, Colitis, Cancer / Cancer Prevention Primary Indications: Diuresis Secondary Indications: Joint Pain, Appetite (Increased or Decreased) Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Actions
	Antirheumatic, Bitter Tonic, Cholagogue, Choleretic, Diuretic, Hepatic, Hepatoprotective, Laxative, Depurative Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Constituents / Nutrients
	*Acids:* Caffeic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, chlorogenic acid,(1) cichoric acid, monocaffeyl tartaric acids(2) linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. *Coumarins:* Cichoriin and aesculin.(2) *Flavonoids:* Luteolin-7-glucoside and luteolin-7-diglucosides.(2) *Minerals:* Potassium 4.5% in leaf, 2.45% in root.(3) *Resin:* Undefined bitter complex (taraxacin). *Terpenoids:* Sesquiterpene lactones taraxinic acid (germacranolide) esterified with glucose,(4) and eudesmanolides.(5) *Vitamins:* Vitamin A 14 000 iu/100 g leaf (compared with 11 000 iu/100 g carrots). *Other Constituents:* Carotenoids, choline, inulin, pectin, phytosterols (e.g. sitosterol, stigmasterol, taraxasterol, homotaraxasterol), sugars (e.g. fructose, glucose, sucrose), triterpenes (e.g. beta-amyrin, taraxol, taraxerol). Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Pharmacological Summary
	Dandelion is a well-known traditional herbal remedy, although limited scientific information, particularly clinical research, has been made available. With a demonstrated positive effect on bile production in laboratory dogs and rats as mentioned above, it is not a stretch to assume that the bitter tasting stems and leaves would have a similar effect on humans; furthermore, a two-fold increase in bile flow means a host of digestive and eliminative disorders could be addressed with this herb. Several investigations have failed to demonstrate significant and consistent diuretic effects in laboratory animals. However, one animal study, in particular, concluded that the leaves possess diuretic effects comparable to the prescription diuretic furosemide (Lasixr).(13) The usual effect of a drug that stimulates kidney function is loss of vital potassium from the body, which can aggravate any cardiovascular problem that may be present. Dandelion leaf, however, not only demonstrates it is an effective diuretic, but also one of the best natural sources of potassium. Dandelion has been researched for health conditions such as cancer and diabetes with positive results in laboratory animals. However, studies have been limited to animals and no controlled human trials have been undertaken. Dandelion has also showed promise in the treatment of hepatitis B and colitis as tested on humans, yet the effective subject of study was an herbal blend, and it remains difficult to determine if the beneficial effects were the result of dandelion. Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Scientific Research and Pharmacologicial Actions
	In Vitro and Animal Studies A diuretic effect in rats and mice has been documented for dandelion extracts, following oral administration.(6) Herb extracts were found to produce greater diuresis than root extracts; a dose of 50 mL (equivalent to 2 g dried herb/kg body weight) produced an effect comparable to that of furosemide 80 mg/kg.(13) Additionally promising is the absence of any potassium-depleting effect, common to furosemide. By contrast, no significant increases in urine volume or sodium excretion were observed in mice following oral administration of either leaf or root extracts, or of purified fractions.(3) Similarly, oral and intravenous administration of an ethanolic extract of dandelion root failed to produce a diuretic effect in laboratory animals.(7) Moderate anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema has been documented for a dandelion root extract.(8) An 80% ethanol extract of root (100 mg/kg orally) inhibited oedema by 43% in the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test at 3 hours.(7) Bile secretion was doubled in dogs by a decoction of fresh root (equivalent to 5 g dried plant); similar activity has been observed for rats. Hypoglycaemic activity has been described in normal, but not in diabetic rabbits, following oesophageal administration of dandelion.(9) Doses greater than 500 mg/kg produced a significant blood glucose concentration which had returned to normal after 24 hours. The maximum decrease produced by a dose of 2 g/kg was reported to be 65% of the effect produced by tolbutamide 500 mg/kg. Sulphonylureas (e.g. tolbutamide) act by stimulating pancreatic beta-cells and a similar mechanism was proposed for dandelion. In vitro antitumour activity has been documented for an aqueous extract of dandelion, given by intraperitoneal injection, in the tumour systems ddY-Ehrlich and C3H/He-MM46.(10) The mechanism of action was thought to be similar to that of tumour polysaccharides such as lentinan. Clinical Studies There is a lack of well-designed clinical studies investigating the effects of dandelion. Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Research
	"Dandelion: How The Lord Told Me To Cure Cancer" Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Precautions / Contraindications
	No serious side effects have been associated with the use of dandelion. However, if taken in large quantities (much more than commonly recommended) it may cause a skin rash, diarrhea, heartburn, or stomach discomfort. Stop using the herb if these reactions occur, and mention the problem to your doctor. Don't take dandelion if your doctor has advised you that you have a gallbladder problem, a blockage or inflammation of the bile duct, or an obstruction of the bowel (often signaled by persistent constipation or lack of bowel movements). Also, don't use dandelion during an acute gallstone attack; this requires professional medical treatment. Because of dandelion's diuretic effect, women who are pregnant or breast-feeding may want to avoid it. Don't pluck the dandelions you find growing in a lawn and use them medicinally; the flowers absorb fertilizers used to stimulate lawn growth. Get them at a health-food store that can verify that the flower was grown in organic, untreated soil. Use dandelion for no longer than six weeks at a time. Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Interaction with Medications
	None documented. Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Possible Side Effects
	Contact allergic reactions to dandelion have been documented(11,) and animal studies have reported dandelion to have a weak sensitizing capacity.(12) Sesquiterpene lactones are thought to be the allergenic principles in dandelion.(4) These compounds contain an exocyclic alpha-methylene beta-lactone moiety, which is thought to be a prerequisite for allergenic activity of sesquiterpene lactones. The acute toxicity of dandelion appears to be low, with LD50 values (mice, intraperitoneal injection) estimated at 36.8 g/kg and 28.8 g/kg for the root and herb, respectively.(6) No visible signs of toxicity were observed in rabbits administered dandelion 3, 4, 5 and 6 g/kg body weight by mouth for up to seven days.(9) In addition, no behavioural changes were recorded. Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	Dosage
	Dried Leaf: 4-10 g or by infusion three times daily. Dried Extract: Dandelion capsules are generally available in strengths that range from 400 to 700 mg. Within herbal blends, quantities of dandelion are significantly smaller. Typically, a capsule strength of 400 to 600 mg is recommended to be taken 3 times daily. Leaf, Liquid Extract: 4-10 mL (1 : 1 in 25% alcohol) three times daily. Leaf Tincture: 2-5 mL. Leaf, Fresh Juice: 5-10 mL. Dried Root: 2-8 g or by infusion or decoction three times daily. Root, Tincture: 5-10 mL (1 : 5 in 45% alcohol) three times daily. Liquid Extract of Taraxacum: (BPC 1949) 2-8 mL. Juice of Taraxacum: (BPC 1949) 4-8 mL. Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products
	References
	1. Clifford MN et al. The chlorogenic acids content of coffee substitutes. Food Chem 1987; 24: 99-107. 2. Williams CA et al. Flavonoids, cinnamic acids and coumarins from the different tissues and medicinal preparations of Taraxacum officinale. Phytochem 1996; 42: 121-127. 3. Hook I et al. Evaluation of dandelion for diuretic activity and variation in potassium content. Int J Pharmacog 1993; 31: 29-34. 4. Hausen BM. Taraxins„ure-1'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosid, das kontaktallergen des l”wenzahns (Taraxacum officinale Wiggers). Dermatosen 1982; 30: 51-53. 5. H„nsel R et al. Sequiterpenlacton-beta-d-glucopyranoside sowie ein neues eudesmanolid aus Taraxacum officinale. Phytochem 1980; 19: 857-861. 6. R cz-Kotilla et al. The action of Taraxacum officinale extracts on the body weight and diuresis of laboratory animals. Planta Med 1974; 26: 212-217.(PubMed) 7. Tita B et al. Taraxacum officinale W.: Pharmacological effect of ethanol extract. Pharmacol Res 1993; 27: 23-24. 8. Mascolo N et al. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory activity. Phytother Res 1987; 1: 28-29. 9. Akhtar MS et al. Effects of Portulaca oleracae (kulfa) and Taraxacum officinale (dhudhal) in normoglycaemic and alloxan-treated hyperglycaemic rabbits. J Pak Med Assoc 1985; 35: 207-210.(PubMed) 10. Baba K et al. Antitumor activity of hot water extract of dandelion, Taraxacum officinale - correlation between antitumor activity and timing of administration. Yagugaku Zasshi 1981; 101: 538-543. 11. Hausen BM, Schulz KH. Allergische kontaktdermatitis durch l”wenzahn (Taraxacum officinale Wiggers). Dermatosen 1978; 26: 198. 12. Davies MG, Kersey PJW. Contact allergy to yarrow and dandelion. Contact Dermatitis 1986; 14: 256-257.(PubMed) 13. Racz-Kotilla E, Racz G, Solomon A. The action of Taraxacum officinale extracts on body weight and diuresis of laboratory animals. Planta Med 1974:26:212-7. Our thanks to the following information resources: MedicinesComplete.com, Intelihealth.com, Purplesage.org, American Botanical Council (Herbalgram.org), WholehealthMD.com, Vitacost.com, and TraditionalMedicinals.com. Browse Sections \| View Dandelion products