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	Fennel
	Considered primarily indigenous to the Mediterranean shores, fennel has been closely associated with ancient cultures and followed the spread of civilization. Fennel is mentioned in Greek legends, poetry, and other ancient writings, and praised for its medicinal value in many aspects of health and longevity. Today, fennel is used primarily for digestive concerns and gastrointestinal afflictions. Some scientific research has demonstrated that colicky babies can benefit from supplementation of fennel. Fennel has shown to be effective for conditions of the upper respiratory tract as well.

	Browse Sections:
	Summary Other Names Description Traditional Internal Uses Indications Actions Constituents / Nutrients Pharmacological Summary Scientific Research / Actions		Research Precautions / Contraindications Interaction with Medications Possible Side Effects Dosage Usage Preparation References

	Common Name
	Fennel
	Botanical Latin Name / Classification
	Foeniculum vulgare, F. officinalis
	Parts Used
	Seeds, leaves, roots, stem base
	Other Names
	Fenkel, Finkle, Sweet Fennel, Wild Fennel. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Description
	Fennel, a hardy, perennial, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves, grows wild in most parts of temperate Europe, but is generally considered indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean, whence it spreads eastwards to India. It has followed civilization, especially where Italians have colonized, and may be found growing wild in many parts of the world upon dry soils near the sea-coast and upon river-banks. It flourishes particularly on limestone soils and is now naturalized in some parts of this country, being found from North Wales southward and eastward to Kent, being most frequent in Devon and Cornwall and on chalk cliffs near the sea. It is often found in chalky districts inland in a semi-wild state. For the medicinal use of its fruits, commonly called seeds, fennel is largely cultivated in the south of France, Saxony, Galicia, and Russia, as well as in India and Persia. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Traditional Internal Uses
	According to the Greek legend of Prometheus, fennel was thought to have bestowed immortality.1 Fennel seeds are a common cooking spice, particularly for use with fish. After meals, they are used in several cultures to prevent gas and upset stomach.2 Fennel has also been used as a remedy for cough and colic in infants. Fennel was well known to the Ancients and was cultivated by the ancient Romans for its aromatic fruits and succulent, edible shoots. Pliny had much faith in its medicinal properties, according no less than twenty-two remedies to it, observing also that serpents eat it 'when they cast their old skins, and they sharpen their sight with the juice by rubbing against the plant. In mediaeval times, fennel was employed, together with St. John's Wort and other herbs, as a preventative of witchcraft and other evil influences, being hung over doors on Midsummer's Eve to warn off evil spirits. It was likewise eaten as a condiment to the salt fish so much consumed by our forefathers during Lent. Like several other umbelliferae, it is carminative. Though the Romans valued the young shoots as a vegetable, it is not certain whether it was cultivated in northern Europe at that time, but it is frequently mentioned in Anglo-Saxon cookery and medical recipes prior to the Norman Conquest. Fennel shoots, fennel water and fennel seed are all mentioned in an ancient record of Spanish agriculture dating A.D. 961. The diffusion of the plant in Central Europe was stimulated by Charlemagne, who enjoined its cultivation on the imperial farms. The ancient Greek name of the herb, Marathron, from maraino, to grow thin, probably refers to its use in cases of obesity as mentioned by William Coles in 1650. Fennel was also said to convey longevity, and to give strength and courage. The fragrant aroma of fennel was often referenced throughout the poetry of Milton. Fennel was also considered to be a remedy for snakebite. In the past, the poor ate fFennel to satisfy hunger pangs on fast days and to make unsavory food palatable. Fennel sprigs used to be placed in horses' harnesses to keep flies away. Chinese medicine prescribes fennel for food poisoning, hernias, abdominal pain and indigestion. Fennel is primarily used in the treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints such as flatulence and colic in children, and indigestion, bloating and heartburn in adults. Both the seeds and the root are appetite stimulants and sooth the digestion. The volatile oil has both carminative and spasmolytic actions, and has been shown to increase liver regeneration experimentally. Fennel is a useful remedy for upper respiratory catarrh and has a calming effect on bronchitis and coughs. It is also diuretic, and is used to treat urinary calculi. The volatile oil is bactericidal and anti-fungal, and has been shown to be effective in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. It is also slightly oestrogenic, and is a well-known means of promoting the flow of breast milk. Externally, the oil relieves muscular and rheumatic pains, and the infusion may be used in a compress to treat conjunctivitis and blepharitis. The seeds have a traditional reputation as an aid to weight loss and longevity. The German E Commission recognizes fennel's usefulness in treating conditions like dyspepsias such as mild, spastic gastrointestinal afflictions, fullness, and flatulence. It also mentions the use of fennel for catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, and fennel syrup or fennel honey, specifically, for catarrh of the upper respiratory tract in children. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Indications
	Breast-Feeding Support, Circulatory System / Circulation, Milk Production, Sore Throat, Throat Infections Primary Indications: Gastrointestinal Disorders, Dyspepsia, Colic, Indigestion, Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Secondary Indications: Respiratory Problems, Bronchitis, Menstruation Problems Other Indications: Conjunctivitis / Blepharitis, Blepharitis, Urinary Tract Infections and Inflammation, Weight Control / Obesity, Food Poisoning, Hernia, Asthenopia (Eyestrain), Longevity Sore Throat Primary Indications: Flatulence, Appetite (Increased or Decreased), Swelling / Inflammation Secondary Indications: Catarrh, Coughing Other Indications: Muscle Ache, Joint Pain, Abdominal Pain Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Actions
	Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Anticatarrh, Antifungal, Antispasmodic, Carminative, Circulatory Stimulant, Decongestant, Diuretic, Expectorant, Spasmolytic, Stimulant Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Constituents / Nutrients
	Fennel seed consists of the dried, ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Miller var. vulgare (Miller) Thellung [Fam. Apiaceae], as well as their preparations in effective dosage. The seeds contain at least 4 percent essential oil with not more than 5 percent estragon. The major constituents, which include the terpenoid anethole, are found in the volatile oil. Anethole and other terpenoids inhibit spasms in smooth muscles,3 such as those in the intestinal tract, and this is thought to contribute to fennel's use as a carminative (gas-relieving and gastrointestinal tract cramp-relieving agent). Related compounds to anethole may have mild estrogenic actions, although this has not been proven in humans. Fennel is also thought to possess diuretic (increase in urine production), choleretic (increase in production of bile), pain-reducing, fever-reducing, and anti-microbial actions.4 Fennel was formerly an official drug in the United States and was listed as being used for indigestion.5 Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Pharmacological Summary
	Fennel's anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties have been demonstrated in in vitro laboratory studies. It has also been shown to mimic estrogen justifying its historical use with the conditions of the female reproductive system. The most recent clinical trial involved a group of colicky babies and demonstrated that fennel supplementation significantly outperformed the placebo. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Scientific Research and Pharmacologicial Actions
	Anti-bacterial: The volatile oil is bactericidal and anti-fungal, and has been shown to be effective in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. It is also slightly oestrogenic, and is a well-known means of promoting the flow of breast milk. Soothe indigestion: Like many other aromatic herbs, fennel appears to relax the smooth muscle lining of the digestive tract to help expel gas. European research shows it also kills some bacteria, lending support to another of its traditional uses-to treat diarrhea. Stimulate menstruation: One study suggests the herb has a mild estrogenic effect, meaning it acts like the female sex hormone, estrogen. This action may have something to do with its traditional use as a milk and menstruation promoter. Ease colic: In a recent Israeli study, researchers gave an herbal fennel tea to 33 colicky babies and a non-medicinal drink to 35 other colicky infants for seven days. More babies who received fennel tea showed improvement that those who received the placebo drink. Although the study is from conclusive, it can't hurt to try giving fennel tea to a colicky baby. "It' worth a try, because colic is such a complex thing," says Dr. DerMarderosian. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Research
	"Calming A Colicky Baby?" "Herb teas are both culinary, medicinal" "The Effect of Fennel Seed Oil Emulsion In Infantile Colic" "Antihirsutism (Reduced Hair Growth) Activity of Fennel" Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Precautions / Contraindications
	Fennel is included on the Food and Drug Administration's list of herbs generally regarded as safe. But because of its estrogenic effect, pregnant women should avoid medicinal amounts of the herb. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Interaction with Medications
	None documented. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Possible Side Effects
	No significant adverse effects have been reported. However, in rare cases fennel can cause allergic reactions of the skin and respiratory tract.7 Anyone with an estrogen-dependent cancer (e.g., some breast cancer patients) should avoid fennel in large quantities until the significance of its estrogen-like activity is clarified. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Dosage
	The German Commission E monograph recommends 1-1 1/2 teaspoons (5-7 grams) of seeds per day.6 As a tincture, 1-2 teaspoons (5-10 mL) can be taken three times per day between meals. Dried Extract: Fennel capsules are generally available in strengths that range from 400 to 700 mg. Within herbal blends, quantities of fennel are significantly smaller. Typically, a capsule strength of 400 to 500 mg is recommended to be taken 3 times daily. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Usage
	For minor wounds: Clean the wound thoroughly. Mix the diluted eucalyptus oil with an equal quantity of an alcohol-based topical antiseptic and apply a few drops to the affected area. Seek medical attention if signs of infection develop (redness, localized warmth, fever). For arthritis pain or muscle aches: Rub several drops of well-diluted eucalyptus oil into the skin. Alternatively, soak in an herbal bath made by wrapping a handful of eucalyptus leaves in cheese cloth and allowing the bath water to run through the bundle. For gum disease: Place a few drops of well-diluted eucalyptus oil onto your fingertip and massage into your gums. Alternatively, purchase a toothpaste containing eucalyptus oil. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	Preparation
	To make a tea, boil 1/2 teaspoon (2-3 grams) of crushed seeds per 1 cup (250 mL) of water for ten to fifteen minutes, keeping the pot covered during the process. Cool, strain, and then drink three cups (750 mL) per day. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products
	References
	1. Duke JA. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985, 145-6. 2. Mills SY. Out of the Earth: The Essential Book of Herbal Medicine. Middlesex, UK: Viking Arkana, 1991, 424-6. 3. Forster HB, Niklas H, Lutz S. Antispasmodic effects of some medicinal plants. Plant Med 1980;40:303-19. 4. Tanira MOM, Shah AH, Mohsin A, et al. Pharmacological and toxicological investigations on Foeniculum vulgare dried fruit extract in experimental animals. Phytother Res 1996;10:33-6. 5. Hare HA, Caspari C, Rusby HH. The National Standard Dispensatory. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1916, 63, 1129. 6. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 128-9. 7. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 128-9. Our thanks to the following information resources: Botanical.com, Vitacost.com, American Botanical Council (Herbalgram.org), and Purplesage.org. Browse Sections \| View Fennel products