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	Barberry
	This attractive, but thorny, deciduous shrub is native to the open woods of Europe but also grows wild in the Eastern United States. Striking plumes of yellow flowers arch gracefully and abundantly from woody stems. The barberry, however, has been cultivated in gardens for its berries which have been used in both culinary and medicinal practices for centuries. The stem, root, and bark have been used in medicinal preparations since ancient times, so all parts of this exceptional plant are beneficial from a health standpoint. The presence of bitter alkaloids in the roots, bark, stems, and fruit of the barberry stimulate bile secretion, aid in digestion, and promote healthy liver and gallbladder function. Additionally, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties, to name a few, make barberry an invaluable part of a treatment program for a wide variety of disorders. Those with stubborn skin infections or compromised digestive abilities may find barberry to be very beneficial herb.

	Browse Sections:
	Summary Other Names Description Traditional Internal Uses Traditional Topical Uses Indications Actions Constituents / Nutrients		Pharmacological Summary Scientific Research / Actions Research Precautions / Contraindications Interaction with Medications Possible Side Effects Dosage References

	Common Name
	Barberry
	Botanical Latin Name / Classification
	Berberis vulgaris
	Parts Used
	Stem bark, root bark, fruit (berries)
	Other Names
	Berberidis cortex, Berberis dumetorum (Gouan.), Berberidis radicis cortex, European Barberry, Berbery, Jaundice Berry, Pepperidge, Pepperidge Bush, Pipperidge Bush, Sour-Spine, Sowberry, Wood Sour Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Description
	The barberry shrub, native to Europe, grows in open woods and thickets, but also grows wild in the eastern parts of New England. It is sometimes cultivated in gardens for its berries which are used in syrups, jams, and preserves, as well as garnishing dishes. Barberry is a deciduous shrub with gray, thorny branches and fine yellow wood that can grow 6 to 10 feet in height. Dense plumes of bright yellow flower clusters bloom in spring and early summer, becoming elegant, drooping bunches of red berries in the fall. Some may find that the flowers emit an unpleasant odor from a close distance. Barberries are more sour but less bitter than cranberries. Both the berries and the bark are used for medicinal purposes. Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Traditional Internal Uses
	The berries of the barberry bush have long been used in syrups, jams, jellies, and preserves, as well as decorative garnishes for dishes. Medicinally, barberries possess astringent and anti-scorbutic properties due to the presence of citric and malic acids. The Egyptians are believed to have used diluted barberry juice for the treatment of malignant fevers. It was also blended with fennel seed and taken to ward off the plague In Europe, the bitter barberry roots and bark have been boiled to make a yellow dye for wools and linens. Medicinally, barberry bark has been a part of many herbal preparations formulated to treat stomach, digestive, liver, and gallbladder abnormalities. In Iran, it is still used today for these purposes. Barberry is known for its purgative and antiseptic properties, as well as its role as a bitter stomachic tonic. Due to the presence of substances called berberine alkaloids, barberry, much like goldenseal, has the ability to combat infections, fevers, bacteria, and stimulate the immune system. Theoretically, barberry can be used to treat a wide variety of disorders of the digestive tract, the respiratory tract, and several skin conditions. Some conditions for which barberry is indictated include poor digestive function, diarrhea, constipation, gallbladder disease, gallstones, drug or chemical toxicity, jaundice and liver problems, biliary insufficiency, an enlarged spleen, malaria, labour pains, and eye inflammation. The German Commission E Monographs list Barberry not only as useful for treating liver diseases, but also as a stimulant for the circulatory and respiratory systems. Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Traditional Topical Uses
	Irritable sore throats may be eased by gargling with a diluted solution of powdered barberry bark. Alternatively, a jelly made from the berries can be taken to reduce soreness and inflammation. Barberry solutions can be used topically to prevent vaginal infections, or as an antiseptic on the surface of the skin to kill bacteria. Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Indications
	Primary Indications: Indigestion, Diarrhea (Diarrhoea), Constipation, Gallbladder Disorders, Gallstones, Liver Disorders, Jaundice Secondary Indications: Skin Disorders, Eczema (Dermatitis), Psoriasis, Immunity / Immune Disorders, Infections Other Indications: Alcoholism, Bladder Infections (Cystitis), Bronchitis, Hypertension (High Blood Pressure), Kidney Disorders, Labor Support / Promotion, Malaria, Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), Spleen Disorders, Toxicity / Toxemia, Ulcers, Uveitis (Eye Inflammation), Yeast Infection (Candida Albicans) Secondary Indications: Skin Itch Other Indications: Fever, Sore Throat Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Actions
	Anti-Diarrheal, Anti-Emetic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antibiotic, Anticholinergic, Antifungal, Antihistaminic, Antimicrobial, Antiparasitic, Antipsoriatic, Antiscorbutic, Antiseptic, Astringent, Bitter Tonic, Cholagogue, Hepatic, Hypotensive (Anti-Hypertensive), Immunoactive / Immunomodulatory / Immunostimulative, Laxative, Purgative, Refrigerant, Stomachic, Tonic Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Constituents / Nutrients
	Berberine alkaloids are widely considered to be the most influential active compounds within barberry. These bitter alkaloids, also present in goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) and Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium), aid in digestion, the secretion of bile, and promote healthy liver function. Berberine and its related constituents (such as oxyacanthine) are antibacterial1 and have been shown to kill amoebae in a test tube study.2 Berberine inhibits bacteria from attaching to human cells, which helps prevent infection.3 This compound treats diarrhea caused by bacteria, such as E. coli.4 Berberine also stimulates some immune system cells to function better.5 Berbamine is another alkaloid found in barberry. It may help reduce inflammation6 and is an antioxidant.7 Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Pharmacological Summary
	Several animal and in vitro studies have been conducted on a variety of berberis species. The anti-hypertensive and vasodilating effects of berberis have been confirmed, and thus barberry may be used to treat hypertension in circumstances where there is endothelial dysfunction. In much of the research, the focus is on the bitter alkaloid, berberine, which has been extracted from various barberry species. So, while studies may confirm anti-microbial or anti-inflammatory properties exhibited by berberine, in many instances the alkaloid at the center of a particular study may be from a plant other than berberis vulgaris. Nevertheless, the berberis family of species, all containg the active berberine, seem to exhibit similar properties within the confines of the laboratory. While barberry seems to have great potential for the treatment of a wide variety of bodily infections and diseases, consistent clinical evidence is required to confidently recommend barberry for any specific disorder. Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Scientific Research and Pharmacologicial Actions
	The antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of aqueous extract from Berberis vulgaris fruit on hypertensive rats. Phytother Res. 2005 Jun 2;19(3):222-225 The aqueous extract from Berberis vulgaris fruit - barberry - was tested to evaluate its antihypertensive effects on DOCA-induced hypertension in the rats. The present results suggest that the antihypertensive and vasodilatory effects of barberry fruit extract are mainly endothelial-independent and it may be used to treat hypertension, a status with endothelial dysfunction. Determination of four alkaloids in Berberis plants by HPLC] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2003 Dec;28(12):1132-4. In order to assess Berberis, a simple and effective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was established. Method: By applying HPLC with gradiation elution, this method was developed for determination of four kinds of alkaloids including berbamine, Jatrorrhizine, berberine and palmatine in methanolic extracts from root bark, root, stem bark and stem of Berberis. Result: The alkaloids berbamine, jatrorrhizine, berberine and palmatine shown good linear correlations in the range of 0.028-4.74 microg (r = 0.9998); 0.012-2.0 microg (r = 0.9996); 0.026-0.52 microg (r = 0.9999); 0.015-2.56 microg (r = 0.9998), respectively. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curve for the analytes exceeded 0.9998. Conclusion: The optimized HPLC method was applied to analyze various samples, and the results shown that the content of alkaloids were obvious difference in Berberis from different area, different species and different parts. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts and of berberine isolated from Berberis heterophylla. Fitoterapia. 2003 Dec;74(7-8):702-5. The antimicrobial activity of Berberis heterophylla leaves, stems and root aqueous extracts was studied in vitro on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The in vitro antifungal activity of berberine isolated from the same source against different Candida species was also investigated. Berberis aetnensis C. Presl. extracts: antimicrobial properties and interaction with ciprofloxacin. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 Jul;22(1):48-53. Previous research showed that berberine-containing Berberis species synthesise the substances 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin-D (5'-MHC-D) and pheophorbide a, which have no antimicrobial activity but inhibit the expression of multidrug resistant efflux pumps (MDRs) in Staphylococcus aureus and potentiate the action of berberine. The MDR pumps extrude synthetic and natural antimicrobials from bacterial cells. We searched for these compounds in Berberis aetnensis C. Presl. (Berberidaceae), an endemic plant of the volcano Mount Etna. This work confirms the presence of pheophorbide a and permits us to hypothesise the presence of 5'-MHC-D in leaf extracts. In fact, the activity of ciprofloxacin was improved when two chromatographic fractions isolated from leaf extracts were added. These results are indicative of the presence of MDR pump inhibitors. Moreover, crude extracts were tested on several micro-organisms and showed antimicrobial activity mainly against Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. A comparative study on the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of isoquinoline alkaloids from the roots of Turkish Berberis species. Life Sci. 2002 Dec 27;72(6):645-57. Roots and barks of various Berberis species are used as folk remedy for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as lumbago, rheumatism and to reduce fever. Six isoquinoline alkaloids namely berberine, berbamine, palmatine, oxyacanthine, magnoflorine, and columbamine were isolated as the main components of alkaloidal fraction from the roots of Turkish Berberis species and effects were studied using various in vivo models in mice. All alkaloids inhibited inflammations in varying degrees, among them berberine, berbamine and palmatine were shown to possess significant and dose-dependent inhibitory activity against serotonin-induced hind paw oedema both on oral and topical applications and acetic acid-induced increase in vascular permeability on oral administration. Moreover, these three alkaloids were also shown to possess dose-dependent antinociceptive activity, which assessed by using the model based on the inhibition of p-benzoquinone-induced writhing movements as well as antipyretic activity on FCA-induced increased rectal temperature on subacute administration. However, all alkaloids induced gastric lesions in varying degrees. Antihistaminic and anticholinergic activity of barberry fruit (Berberis vulgaris) in the guinea-pig ileum. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Feb;64(2):161-6. Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is a well known medicinal plant in Iran and has also been used as food. The antihistaminic and anticholinergic activity of aqueous extract of barberry fruits were investigated on isolated guinea-pig ileum, and dose response curves of histamine and acetylcholine with and without extract were plotted. The results indicated antihistaminic and anticholinergic activity of extract that seems to be of the competitive type. Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Research
	"Barberry Bush Beats Bacteria" "Barberry: Plant May Hold Key To Ultimate Antibiotic" Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Precautions / Contraindications
	Before taking barberry, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or health care professional if you have allergies (especially to plants), have any medical condition, or if you take other medicines or other herbal/ health supplements. Barberry may not be recommended in some situations. Do not take barberry without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant or could become pregnant. It is not known whether barberry will harm an unborn baby. Do not take barberry without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. It is also not known whether barberry will harm a nursing infant. There is no information available regarding the use of barberry by children. Do not give any herbal/ health supplement to a child without first talking to the child's doctor. Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Interaction with Medications
	There are no known scientific reports of interactions between barberry and conventional medications. However, it is recommended that those who are taking Doxycycline or Tetracycline should consult their healthcare practitioner before using barberry. Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Possible Side Effects
	Berberine has been reported to interfere with normal liver function in infants, raising a concern that it might worsen jaundice.8 For this reason, berberine-containing plants, including barberry, goldenseal, and Oregon grape should be used with caution during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Strong standardized extracts may cause stomach upset and should be used for no more than two weeks continuously. Other symptoms of excessive berberine intake include lethargy, nose bleed, skin and eye irritation, and kidney irritation.9 Although rare, allergic reactions to barberry may occur. Stop taking barberry and seek emergency medical attention if you experience symptoms of a serious allergic reaction including difficulty breathing; closing of your throat; swelling of your lips, tongue, or face; or hives. Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	Dosage
	Children: There are no known scientific reports on the pediatric use of barberry. However, many professional herbalists use barberry to reduce diarrhea in children. For this reason, barberry should be used with caution in children and only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner. Adult: Barberry (as a single herb) should not be taken for more than five to seven days, but it may be used for longer periods if taken in combination with other herbs recommended by a qualified healthcare practitioner. Three to five days is generally sufficient for an upset stomach. For Most Internal Infections: (sore throats, bladder infections, diarrhea, bronchitis, or yeast infections) Tea: 2 to 4 grams of dried root steeped or 1 to 2 tsp of whole or crushed berries steeped in 150 mL (approximately 2/3 of a cup) of hot water for 10 to 15 minutes three times daily. Tincture: 3 to 6 mL (1/2 to 1 1/2 tsp three times daily) Dried Extracts: Barberry capsules are generally available in strengths that range from 200 to 600 mg. Within herbal blends, quantities of barberry are significantly smaller. Typically, a capsule strength of 300 to 500 mg is recommended to be taken 3 times daily. For Skin Disorders: 10% extract of barberry in ointment, applied to the skin three times daily. It is important to remember that some infections can be very dangerous if not treated with standard antibiotics. Barberry should not be taken in place of a prescription antibiotic. Browse Sections \| View Barberry products
	References
	1. Amin AH, Subbaiah TV, Abbasi KM. Berberine sulfate: Antimicrobial activity, bioassay and mode of action. Can J Microbiol 1969;15:1067-76. 2. Subbaiah TV, Amin AH. Effect of berberine sulphate on Entamoeba histolytica. Nature 1967;215:527-8. 3. Sun D, Courtney HS, Beachey EH. Berberine sulfate blocks adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial cells, fibronectin, and hexadecane. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:1370-4. 4. Rabbani GH, Butler T, Knight J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis 1987;155:979-84. 5. Kumazawa Y, Itagaki A, Fukumoto M, et al. Activation of peritoneal macrophages by berberine-type alkaloids in terms of induction of cytostatic activity. Int J Immunopharmacol 1984;6:587-92. 6. Wong CW, Seow WK, O'Callaghan JW, Thong YH. Comparative effects of tetrandrine and berbamine on subcutaneous air pouch inflammation induced by interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor and platelet-activating factor. Agents Actions 1992;36:112-8. 7. Ju HS, Li XJ, Zhao BL, et al. Scavenging effect of berbamine on active oxygen radicals in phorbol ester-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1990;39:1673-8. 8. Chan E. Displacement of bilirubin from albumin by berberine. Biol Neonate 1993;63:201-8. 9. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 309-10. Our thanks to the following information resources: Vitacost.com, Purplesage.org, Botanical.com, Drugs.com, Alternativehealthzine.com, Raysahelian.com, and Healthandage.com. Browse Sections \| View Barberry products