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	Glucosamine
	"Supplements such as glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate may actually help restore damaged tissue structure in joints, perhaps because these two substances are natural constituents of healthy cartilage." Andrew Weil, M.D. Glucosamine is a naturally ocurring protein sugar found in the body. It stimulates the formation and repair of cartilage. Due to the fact that natural levels of glucosamine decline with age, many people benefit from supplementation of synthetically formulated glucosamine products often derived from sea creatures. Clinical studies are numerous and results clearly show that slow and steady intake of glucosamine (often in combination with other substances such as chondroitin and MSM), particularly for conditions such as osteoarthritis, can halt the progression of degenerative joint disorders, and may, in some cases, even reverse the diseases.

	Browse Sections:
	Summary Other Names Description Traditional Internal Uses Traditional Topical Uses Indications Actions Pharmacological Summary		Scientific Research / Actions Research Precautions / Contraindications Interaction with Medications Possible Side Effects Dosage References

	Common Name
	Glucosamine
	Other Names
	2-Amino-2-Deoxyglucose, Chitosamine, Glucosamine Hydrochloride (considered more stable, more easily absorbed, and sodium-free as compared with sulfate versions), Glucosamine Sulfate (form most commonly studied and has yielded positive results in clinical trials), N-acetyl Glucosamine. Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Description
	Glucosamine is an amino sugar compound produced by the body. It is commonly found in the liver and kidneys, but is most abundant in our cartilage tissues. Derived from glucose molecules, glucosamine aids in the repair and rebuilding of cartilage, providing soft, flexible joint cushioning, thereby reducing pain and inflammation. The natural production of glucosamine in the body slows down as one ages, so supplemental use may be necessary for some individuals. Glucosamine is also the name given to the extracted amino sugars of shellfish tissue, while glucosamine sulfate is the name given to the synthetic "salts" derived from natural glucosamine. These salts are sometimes combined with chondroitin sulfates in arthritis, osteoarthritis, and joint pain formulas. Most of the clinical studies investigating the health benefits of glucosamine have focused on the salts or sulfates. Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Traditional Internal Uses
	*Note: Glucosamine is often used in combination with chondrotin or MSM (Methylsuphonylmethane). Many positive clinical results have focused on the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin, in particular. Glucosamine, glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride are the synthetic variations that have been used almost exclusively for tissue repair and rebuilding. Specifically, glucosamine has been prescribed for conditions such as osteoarthritis (of large joints), a condition characterized by cartilage wear and deterioration leading to pain, swelling, and loss of movement. It has been demonstrated through research that glucosamine supplementation can not only delay further cartilage deterioration, but even repair existing damaged cartilage. In addition to the treatment of pain associated with the larger joints such as the knees and hips, glucosamine has also been shown to be effective with joint-related jaw pain (TMJ) and discomfort of fingers and toes. Glucosamine is also neccesary for healthy skin. Adequate amounts of it in the blood are necessary for the production of hyaluronic acid, one of the substances essential in healing skin injuries. As a result, glucosamine plays a significant role in the healing of surgical incisions and skin wounds. Another variation of glucosamine called poly-N-acetyl glucosamine has been studied and results suggest that it may be effective in the case of wrinkles and restoring skin elasticity. Further studies have revealed that n-acetyl glucosamine, yet another synthetic variation, contributes to the protective mucous membranes of the lower gastrointestinal tract with an enzymatic activity. This is positive news for those who suffer from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Traditional Topical Uses
	In a recent Australian study, a topical cream containg glucosamine and chondroitin relieved patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. The topical preparation applied to the knee outperformed the placebo in a randomized trial of 32 patients over the course of eight weeks. Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Indications
	Primary Indications: Osteoarthritis, Arthritis, Bursitis, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Secondary Indications: Scars, Skin Disorders, Wrinkles Other Indications: Colitis, Crohn's Disease, Intestinal Disorders Primary Indications: Joint Pain, Swelling / Inflammation Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Actions
	Anti-Arthritic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antirheumatic, Regenerative, Restorative Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Pharmacological Summary
	Studies on glucosamine are promising. A review of two studies, each of which analyzed more than a dozen glucosamine studies, found this supplement to significantly and consistently improve pain and joint function, as well as or better than conventional drug therapy (NSAIDs). One recent long-term study conducted in Belgium over three years showed patients with mild to moderate knee OA taking 1,500 mg of glucosamine had 20 percent to 25 percent less pain and disability than those taking the placebo. Researchers also found glucosamine slowed, if not stopped, the progression of the disease and reduced cartilage loss. Glucosamine has been studied only in people with knee or hip OA. More studies are needed for long-term safety and effectiveness to be established. Research studies have clearly demonstrated that glucosamine does, in fact, build cartilage, improve joint mobility, and slow the progression of osteoarthritis. In some instances, x-rays have revealed that glucosamime has even reversed the disease over the course of a few years. Glucosamine has also been studied for its effectiveness in facilitating the healing of skin wounds, and post-surgical incisions, and in the treatment of crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Scientific Research and Pharmacologicial Actions
	Glucosamine works to stimulate joint function and repair. It is most effective in treating osteoarthritis, the most prevalent type of arthritis. A number of studies over the last 20 years have shown this. For example, a 1982 clinical study compared usage of the NSAID ibuprofen with glucosamine sulfate, for osteoarthritis of the knee. During the first two weeks, ibuprofen decreased pain faster, but by the fourth week the glucosamine group was well ahead in pain relief. The overall results showed 44% of the glucosamine group had pain relief compared to 15% for ibuprofen. Because glucosamine is not an anti-inflammatory drug, it takes longer to start working, but it works equally well. Another 1982 open trial study with 252 doctors and 1,506 patients conducted in Portugal provided good clinical information on appropriate dosage and usage of glucosamine sulfate for osteoarthritis. For 50 days, patients took 500 mg of glucosamine sulfate three times a day. The results showed 95% of the patients benefited from the supplement, as it reduced their pain whether they were resting, standing, or exercising. This study also showed the effects of glucosamine on obese patients, however, they may require higher dosages to offset the joints' reaction to the stress from obesity. Those patients also taking diuretics or suffering from peptic ulcers were also studied regarding the effect of, and their tolerance to, glucosamine. The former might require higher dosages and the latter need to take glucosamine with food. In a more recent 2000 study at the Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, in Ziffrin, 57 patients with osteoarthritis in the knee were treated randomly for four weeks with glucosamine sulfate intravenously combined with an 800 mg of chondroitin sulfate daily, or with a placebo. As in the 1982 study, a record was kept of their knee pain when at rest, standing, or moving. No reduction of symptoms occurred with the placebo group, but the glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate group showed much reduction of symptoms in all activity/nonactivity functions. This latter group also showed no negative reactions or any change in their blood tests. The study concluded that glucosamine sulfate is safe for long-term osteoarthritis treatment. Another osteoarthritis study of the knee, in 1999 at the University of Liege in Belgium, involved 212 patients worldwide. These patients were randomly given either glucosamine or a placebo for three years. The patients' pain was measured every four months and x-rays were taken of their knees. The placebo group had more pain and narrowed joints, while the glucosamine group had no narrowing of joints and their condition improved. This was one of the first studies to show how glucosamine works by stopping the joints from narrowing. It was also the first long-term study conducted. Since then, the University of Utah received a $6.6 million grant (September 1999) from the National Institutes of Health for another major ongoing glucosamine study. Harvard Medical School conducted a somewhat unorthodox study where patients scheduled for hip surgery were given ground chicken bone supplements. After two weeks of taking these supplements, their pain was reduced considerably. Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Research
	"Dispelling Myths About Chondroitin" "New Glucosamine Studies In Europe" "Glucosamine Shown To Have No Effect On Blood Sugar" "Glucosamine Hydrochloride VS. Glucosamine Sulfate" "Topical Glucosamine / Chondroitin Cream Relieves Knee Pain" "Taking Glucosamine Without Chondroitin? You Fool You!" "Which Glucosamine Is Best For Painful Joints?" "Glucosamine Hydrochloride Versus Sulfate" "Supplement May Help Bring Arthritis Relief" Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Precautions / Contraindications
	Those who have seafood allergies should avoild glucosamine products, since many are derived from crabs, lobsters, shrimp, or other shellfish. For those with diabetes, insulin production may be supressed with very high doses of glucosamine, and blood sugar levels may be more difficult to manage. Note: It is important to know that results from recent small studies showed no negative effects from glucosamine supplementation in individuals with diabetes. Note: Dr. Jason Theodosakis, M.D., author of the renowned Arthritis Cure in 1996, has looked into the matter of glucosamine and its effect on blood sugar levels. His view is that any claims about glucosamine raising blood glucose levels is unsubstantiated and there is no reason for concern. As he states, 'glucosamine' is not the same as 'glucose'. Dr. Andrew Weil, M.D. deferred to Dr. Theodosakis' explanation of the matter of glucosamine and diabetes and agrees that there is a public misconception and any real concerns are unfounded. Read the whole article in our 'Articles' link. Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Interaction with Medications
	Glucosamine supplements should not be taken simultaneously with antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulant drugs and "blood thinners" such as: Heparin and Warfarin (anticoagulants) Plavix and Ticlid (Antiplatelets) Glucosamine may interfere with insulin and diabetes medication such as: Actos Amaryl Avandia Glipizide (Glucotrol XL) Glyburide (Glynase) Glyset Metformin (Glucophage) Prandin Precose Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Possible Side Effects
	Side effects are extremely rare and no serious side effects have been documented throughout clinical trials. Very mild cases of constipation, diarrhea, cramping, gas, heartburn, drowsiness, headaches, and nausea have been documented, but whether these conditions can be attributable to glucosamine supplementation is uncertain. Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	Dosage
	The effectiveness of glucosamine can be boosted with the addition of a chondrotin product. Often, blends of the two are avialable in various strengths. A daily oral dose of 1200 mg to 1800 mg is the dosage commonly used in clinical trials. Glucosamine sulfate 500 mg taken three times daily has been the most common dosage administered in these research studies. Optimal health benefits are usually seen after four to eight weeks of supplementation. Too often, people will take one 400 mg or 500 mg capsule for just a few days and complain that they're not experiencing any change in their health conditions or pain levels. Glucosamine is not a chemical narcotic pain killer - it is a naturally found compound that slowly builds to levels in the body to a point where real repair of damaged tissues can occur. Pain relief arises at the ouset of this rebuilding phase. *Note: While it is the sulfate variation of glucosamine that has been the focus of the majority of human studies, many researchers believe that hydrochloride is a preferable carrier due to its greater stability and lack of sodium content. It may also be preferable for those with sodium allergies. Either way, both sulfate and hydrochloride show little difference in bioavailablity, although some researchers believe that glucosamine hydrochloride yields more of the active form of glucosamine after oral administration. In short, glucosamine sulfate bears the distinction of being the subject of most clinical trials, while glucosamine hydrochloride, with success limited to animal and in vitro studies, seems marginally but theoretically superior. Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products
	References
	Our thanks to the following information resources: Drugdigest.org, Arthritis.org, Arthritis-pain-treatments.com, Drtheo.com, and Drweil.com. Browse Sections \| View Glucosamine products