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	Burdock
	Burdock root, native to Asia and Europe, is the primary source of many herbal preparations. It as a popular root vegetable in Japanese markets (called "gobo") and has been used for centuries as a staple in traditional Chinese medicine for conditions like tonsillitis and measles. Historically, Burdock root has also been administered for conditions such as gout, ulcers, arthritis, rheumatism, and various skin disorders. While studies have been limited to animals and in vitro, the active constituents of burdock have shown anti-bacterial properties making it useful for bacteria-related conditions such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis. Additional test results have confirmed actions associated with blood purification, toxic immunity, hypoglycemia, and inflammation.

	Browse Sections:
	Summary Other Names Description Traditional Internal Uses Indications Actions Constituents / Nutrients Pharmacological Summary		Scientific Research / Actions Research Precautions / Contraindications Interaction with Medications Possible Side Effects Dosage References

	Common Name
	Burdock
	Botanical Latin Name / Classification
	Arctium lappa
	Parts Used
	Root
	Other Names
	Lappa, Bardane, Clotburr, Beggars Buttons, Gypsy Rhubarb, Gobo, Wu Shih, Niu Bang (seeds), and Bur. Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Description
	Burdock is native to Asia and Europe, but has the potential to grow in a variety of geographical regions and soil conditions. Although burdock grows wild and thrives throughout the United States, it is not native in the U.S. as it was first introduced by early settlers and adopted by native American Indians for their gardens. Its name is a combination of "bur", referring to its tenacious and bristly burrs that stick to clothing and animal fur, and "dock", an old English term referring to its large leaves. The root of this course perennial plant has been used medicinally for centuries and has long been the source of many herbal preparations. A good source of such minerals as manganese and phosphorous, this carrot-like root vegetable is brown-skinned with white flesh that darkens quickly when cut. Popular in Japan, burdock can be found in Asian grocery stores and some health-food stores. It also grows wild in North America. The plant can be recognized by its very large leaves and spiny burrs (the "cockleburs" that stick to your clothes when you walk through a meadow). Burdock root becomes very soft with chewing and tastes sweet, with a mucilaginous (sticky) texture. Many people who eat burdock compare it to celery and artichoke, and consider the taste to be earthy and mildly sweet. Uncooked wild American burdock tastes very bitter, though cooking removes the bitterness. The Swiss inventor, George de Mestral who invented Velcro® was inspired by the burdock burrs that covered his dog; when he observed the burrs under a magnifying glass, he saw the tiny curved hooks. In Hawaii, the roots are sometimes given as a gag wedding gift because of the herb's aphrodisiac powers. Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Traditional Internal Uses
	Preparations of burdock root are used for ailments and complaints of the gastrointestinal tract, gout, arthritis, as a diaphoretic and diuretic, as well as for "blood purifying," and externally for ichthyosis, psoriasis, impure skin, and skin diseases. Burdock has also been used for conditions alleviating rheumatoid arthritis symptoms, and for cancer prevention. Animal studies indicate that burdock possesses strong hypoglycemic (sugar-lowering) properties, which give burdock theoretical clinical potential for blood sugar control. Burdock has also been used as a diuretic, a mild laxative, and a digestive aid, and has figured prominantly in India's traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. In traditional Chinese medicine, burdock root, in combination with other herbs, is used to treat sore throats, tonsillitis, colds, and even measles. In Japan, it is eaten as a vegetable. Burdock has been used as a method of purifying the body and spirit by the Ojibway Indians. Both the Essiac and Hoxsey alternative cancer treatments contain burdock root. Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Indications
	Primary Indications: Blood Glucose (Sugar) Levels, Hypoglycemia, Toxicity / Toxemia, Immunity / Immune Disorders, Acid / Alkaline Balance Secondary Indications: Acne, Eczema (Dermatitis), Ichthyosis, Psoriasis, Skin Disorders, Carbuncles Other Indications: Anorexia Nervosa, Arthritis, Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH), Cold, Common (Rhinovirus), Cystitis, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Gout, Kidney Disorders, Measles, Rheumatism, Tonsillitis, Ulcers Primary Indications: Swelling / Inflammation Other Indications: Sore Throat Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Actions
	Alkalizing, Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Immunoactive / Immunomodulatory / Immunostimulative, Laxative, Uterine Stimulant, Depurative Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Constituents / Nutrients
	*Acids:* Acetic acid, butyric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gamma-guanidino-n-butyric acid, alpha-guanidino-n-isovaleric acid, trans-2-hexenoic acid, isovaleric acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, propionic acid, stearic acid and tiglic acid.(1-3) *Aldehydes:* Acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, butyraldehyde, caproicaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, propion aldehyde and valeraldehyde.(1) *Carbohydrates:* Inulin (up to 45-50%), mucilage, pectin and sugars. *Polyacetylenes:* 0.001-0.002% dry weight. Fourteen identified compounds include 1,11-tridecadiene-3,5,7,9-tetrayne (50%), 1,3,11-tridecatriene-5,7,9-triyne (30%) and 1-tridecen-3,5,7,9,11-pentayne as the major components;(4) arctinone-a, arctinone-b, arctinol-a, arctinol-b, arctinal, arctic acid-b, arctic acid-c, methyl arctate-b and arctinone-a acetate (sulfur-containing acetylenic compounds).(5,6) *Other Constituents:* Fats (0.4-0.8%), fixed and volatile oils (0.07-0.18%), sesquiterpene lactones (arctiopicrin),(7) bitters (lappatin), resin, phytosterols (sitosterol and stigmasterol), tannin(8) and lignan-type compound.(9-11) *Other Species:* Flavonol (kaempferol, quercetin) glycosides are present in Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.(3) Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Pharmacological Summary
	The carbohydrate inulin is the major constituent found in burdock and can comprise up to 50% of the plant's total mass. Inulin is made up of many fructose chains, which researchers believe are responsible for burdock's hypoglycemic activities. Inulin may act as a buffer, preventing blood glucose levels from fluctuating erratically. In addition, studies suggest that inulin has mild anti-inflammatory properties and stimulates the immune system, activating particular immune cells that may help alleviate skin conditions such as eczema. Interestingly, inulin promotes the growth of friendly bacteria in the intestines, though this property has not yet been explored in burdock. Animal studies show that burdock stimulates the uterus, so it is recommended that pregnant and lactating women not consume burdock. Scientists believe that certain compounds (glycosides) found in the root may be responsible for the uterus-stimulating effect, as well as the laxative properties of burdock. Additional substances found in burdock include tannins, phenolic acids, volatile acids, and a plant hormone (a butyric acid derivative). Future studies may confirm the nutritive value and health benefits of burdock. Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Scientific Research and Pharmacologicial Actions
	In Vitro and Animal Studies The roots and leaves of burdock plants not yet flowering are stated to possess diuretic, hypoglycemic and antifurunculous properties.(7) A burdock extract (plant part not stated) was reported to cause a sharp, long-lasting reduction in the blood sugar concentration in rats, together with an increase in carbohydrate tolerance and a reduction in toxicity.(12) The antimicrobial activity documented for burdock has been attributed to the polyacetylene constituents,(4) although only traces of these compounds are found in the dried commercial herb. Furthermore, arctiopicrin is stated to be a bitter with antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria.(7,13) Antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei) bacteria has been documented for burdock leaf and flower, whereas the root was only found to be active towards Gram-negative strains.(14) In vivo uterine stimulant activity has been reported. Protection against mutagenic activity has also been documented for burdock.(9,15,16) Burdock reduced the mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100) of mutagens both requiring and not requiring S9 metabolic activation.(10) A lignan-like structure was proposed for the desmutagenic factor.(9) In vivo studies have shown that fresh or boiled plant juice from burdock may cause a significant reduction in DMBA-induced chromosome aberrations.(16) Burdock has been reported to exhibit antitumour activity.(17) The addition of dietary fibre (5%) from burdock roots to the diet of rats has been documented to provide protection against the toxicity of various artificial food colours.(18) Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Research
	"Essiac: A Cure For Cancers?" Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Precautions / Contraindications
	Excessive doses may interfere with existing hypoglycemic therapy (see In vitro and animal studies). Pregnancy and Lactation: In vivo uterine stimulant action has been reported. In view of this, and the lack of toxicity data, the use of burdock during pregnancy and lactation should be avoided. Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Interaction with Medications
	None documented. Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Possible Side Effects
	A single report of human poisoning with burdock has been documented.(19) The patient exhibited symptoms of atropine-like poisoning following the ingestion of a commercially packaged burdock root tea. Atropine is not a constituent of burdock, and subsequent analysis indicated that the tea was contaminated with a herbal source of solanaceous alkaloids, possibly belladonna leaf. This report served to highlight the problems which may arise with inadequate quality control of herbal preparations. The carcinogenicity of burdock was investigated in 12 rats fed dried roots (33% of diet) for 120 days, followed by a normal diet until 480 days.(20) Ten of the 12 rats survived 480 days and no tumours were detected. A urinary bladder papilloma and an oligodendroglioma were observed in one rat but these were considered to have been induced spontaneously. Burdock has been reported to exhibit antitumour properties (see In vitro and animal studies). Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	Dosage
	Dried Root: 2-6 g or by infusion three times daily. Dried Extract: Burdock root capsules are generally available in strengths that range from 100 to 600 mg. Typically, a capsule strength of 400 to 500 mg is recommended to be taken 3 times daily. Liquid Extract: 2-8 mL (1 : 1 in 25% alcohol) three times daily. Tincture: 8-12 mL (1 : 10 in 45% alcohol) three times daily. Decoction: 500 mL (1 : 20) per day. Browse Sections \| View Burdock products
	References
	1. Obata S et al. Studies on the components of the roots of Arctium lappa L. Agric Biol Chem 1970; 34: A31. 2. Yamada Y et al. ?-Guanidino-n-butyric acid from Arctium lappa. Phytochemistry 1975; 14: 582. 3. Saleh NAM, Bohm BA. Flavonoids of Arctium minus (Compositae). Experientia 1971; 27: 1494.(PubMed) 4. Schulte KE et al. Polyacetylenes in burdock root. Arzneimittelforschung 1967; 17: 829-833.(PubMed) 5. Washino T et al. New sulfur-containing acetylenic compounds from Arctium lappa. Agric Biol Chem 1986; 50: 263-269. 6. Washino T et al. Structures of lappaphen-a and lappaphen-b, new guaianolides linked with a sulfur-containing acetylenic compound, from Arctium lappa L. Agric Biol Chem 1987; 51: 1475-1480. 7. Bever BO, Zahnd GR. Plants with oral hypoglycaemic action. Q J Crude Drug Res 1979; 17: 139-196. 8. Nakabayashi T. Tannin of fruits and vegetables. III. Polyphenolic compounds and phenol-oxidising enzymes of edible burdock. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi 1968; 15: 199-206. 9. Morita K et al. Chemical nature of a desmutagenic factor from burdock (A. lappa L.). Agric Biol Chem 1985; 49: 925-932. 10. Ichihara A et al. Lappaol A and B, novel lignans from Arctium lappa L. Tetrahedron Lett 1976; 44: 3961-3964. 11. Ichihara A et al. New sesquilignans from Arctium lappa L. The structure of lappaol C, D and E. Agric Biol Chem 1977; 41: 1813-1814. 12. Lapinina LO, Sisoeva TF. Investigation of some plants to determine their sugar lowering action. Farmatsevt Zh 1964; 19: 52-58. 13. Cappelletti EM et al. External antirheumatic and antineuralgic herbal remedies in the traditional medicine of North-eastern Italy. J Ethnopharmacol 1982; 6: 161-190.(PubMed) 14. Moskalenko SA. Preliminary screening of far-eastern ethnomedicinal plants for antibacterial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 1986; 15: 231-259.(PubMed) 15. Morita K et al. Desmutagenic factor isolated from burdock (Arctium lappa L.). Mutat Res 1984; 129: 25-31.(PubMed) 16. Ito Y et al. Suppression of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells by vegetable juices. Mutat Res 1986; 172: 55-60.(PubMed) 17. Dombradi CA, Foldeak S. Anti-tumor activity of A. lappa ext. Tumori 1966; 52: 173-175.(PubMed) 18. Tsujita J et al. Comparison of protective activity of dietary fiber against the toxicities of various food colors in rats. Nutr Rep Int 1979; 20: 635-642. 19. Bryson PD et al. Burdock root tea poisoning. Case report involving a commercial preparation. JAMA 1978; 239: 2157-2158.(PubMed) 20. Hirono I et al. Safety examination of some edible plants, Part 2. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 1977; 1: 72-74. Our thanks to the following information resources: WholeheatlthMD.com, Medicinescomplete.com, American Botanical Council (Herbalgram.org), VitaminsDiary.com, Vitacost.com. Browse Sections \| View Burdock products