| | | | Other Names | | | Ulcerative Colitis, Colitis Ulcerosa, UC, Colon Disease, Colon Diseases.
View products | | | Also known as: Irritable Bowel Syndrome, IBS, Mucous Colitis, Spastic
Colon.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a very common
gastrointestinal disorder that sometimes causes significant discomfort
even though it is not a serious health threat. The cause of IBS remains
unknown. IBS is not related to inflammatory bowel diseases, such as
Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
What are the symptoms of
IBS? Typical symptoms include abdominal bloating and soreness, gas, and
alternating diarrhea and constipation. People with IBS are more likely
than others to have backaches, fatigue, and several other seemingly
unrelated problems.
Conventional treatment options: The
conventional treatment for IBS includes limiting intake of dairy products,
beans, and foods containing caffeine, fructose, or sorbitol. Fructose is
found in concentrated amounts in dried fruit and fruit juice. Sorbitol is
found primarily in dietetic foods, where it is used instead of table sugar
(sucrose). Fiber supplements or laxatives may be prescribed for
constipation. When diarrhea or abdominal soreness are present, drugs that
control colon muscle spasms and slow the movement of food through the
digestive system may be used. Antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs may
also be used for people with depression or chronic pain, or for people
whose symptoms worsen during periods of stress. No conventional treatments
of IBS have been proven to be effective in controlled
trials.
Dietary changes that may be helpful: Several trials report
that food sensitivities occur in only a small percentage of people with
IBS.1 2 3 However, a leading researcher in the field claims at least 3.5
ounces of the offending food need to be consumed at frequent intervals to
provoke IBS symptoms,4 and the amount of test foods used in these studies
was generally less than this amount. Therefore, inadequate quantities of
food may have affected the outcomes of these trials. Other trials have
reported that most IBS sufferers have food sensitivities, and that gas
production and IBS symptoms diminish when the offending foods are
discovered and avoided.5 6 7 8 Some researchers report that problem foods
need to be eaten at every meal for at least two days to evaluate the
potential of food sensitivity.9
Researchers have found that
standard blood tests used to evaluate allergies may not uncover food
sensitivities associated with IBS, because IBS food sensitivities may not
be true allergies.10 11 The only practical way to evaluate which foods
might trigger IBS symptoms is to avoid the foods and then reintroduce
them. Such a procedure requires the guidance of a healthcare practitioner.
Attempts to find and avoid problem foods without professional help may
fail and may aggravate symptoms.
Preliminary evidence suggests that
some people with IBS have greater trouble absorbing the sugars lactose (as
found in milk), fructose (as found in high concentration in fruit juice
and dried fruit), and sorbitol (as found in some dietetic candy) than do
healthy people.12 In this report, restricting intake of these sugars led
to reduction in symptoms in 40% of people with IBS.
Limited
research has suggested that fiber might help people with IBS.13 14
However, most studies find that IBS sufferers do not benefit by adding
wheat bran to their diets,15 16 17 18 and some people feel worse as a
result of wheat bran supplementation.19 The lack of positive response to
wheat bran may result from a wheat sensitivity,20 which is one of the most
common triggers for food sensitivity in people with IBS.21 Rye, brown
rice, oatmeal, barley, vegetables, and psyllium husk are good sources of
fiber and are less likely to trigger food sensitivities than is wheat
bran. Except for psyllium, little is known about the effects of these
other fibers in people with IBS.
Nutritional supplements that may
be helpful: Double-blind research has shown that avoidance of lactose
(present in milk and some other dairy products) by people with IBS who are
also lactose intolerant will relieve IBS symptoms.22 Alternatively,
lactase enzyme may be used prior to consuming milk. Several different
lactase products are commercially available and the amount needed depends
on the specific preparation being used.
In one trial, women with
IBS who experienced worsening symptoms before and during their menstrual
period were helped by taking enough evening primrose oil (EPO) to provide
360-400 mg of gamma linolenic acid (GLA) per day.23 In that trial more
than half reported improvement with EPO, but none was helped in the
placebo group. The effects of EPO in other groups of IBS sufferers have
not been explored.
A preliminary trial investigated the
effectiveness of grapefruit seed extract in people with eczema and
symptoms of IBS.24 Participants received either 2 drops of a 0.5% oral
solution of grapefruit seed extract twice daily or 150 mg of encapsulated
grapefruit seed extract three times daily. After a month, IBS symptoms had
improved in 20% of those taking the liquid, while all of the patients
taking capsules noted definite improvement of constipation, flatulence,
abdominal discomfort, and night rest. These results need confirmation in
double-blind trials.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Refer to the individual supplement for information about any side effects
or interactions.
Herbs that may be helpful: Some people with IBS
may benefit from bulk-forming laxatives. Psyllium seeds (3.25 grams taken
three times per day) have helped regulate normal bowel activity in some
people with IBS.25 Psyllium has improved IBS symptoms in double-blind
trials.26 27
In the intestinal tract, peppermint oil reduces gas
production, eases intestinal cramping, and soothes irritation.28
Peppermint oil has been reported to help relieve symptoms of IBS in two
analyses of controlled trials.29 30 Evidence supporting the use of
peppermint oil has come from double-blind trials that typically have used
enteric-coated capsules that supply 0.2-0.4 ml of peppermint oil taken
three times per day.31 32 33 Some trials have found peppermint oil
ineffective.34 35 The reason for these conflicting findings remains
unclear.
The combination of 90 mg of peppermint oil plus 50 mg of
caraway oil in enteric-coated capsules taken three times per day led to
significant reduction in IBS symptoms in a double-blind trial.36 In a
similar trial, capsules that were not enteric-coated were as effective as
enteric-coated capsules.37 The same combination has compared favorably to
the drug cisapride (Propulsid) in reducing symptoms of IBS.38 The purpose
of enteric coating is to protect peppermint oil while it is passing
through the acid environment of the stomach.
Whole peppermint leaf
is often used either alone or in combination with other herbs to treat
abdominal discomfort and mild cramping that accompany IBS. The combination
of peppermint, caraway seeds, fennel seeds, and wormwood was reported to
be an effective treatment for upper abdominal complaints in a double-blind
trial.39
Chamomile's essential oils have eased intestinal cramping
and irritation in animals.40 Chamomile is sometimes used by herbalists to
relieve alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation, though research
has yet to investigate these effects. This herb is typically taken three
times per day, between meals, in a tea form by dissolving 2-3 grams of
powdered chamomile or by adding 3-5 ml of herbal extract tincture to hot
water.
A standardized Chinese herbal combination containing
extracts from 20 plants (including wormwood (Artemisia absinthium),ginger,
bupleurum, schisandra, and dan shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) reduced IBS
symptoms.41 In that double-blind trial, people were given five capsules of
the herbal combination three times per day.
Are there any side
effects or interactions? Refer to the individual herb for information
about any side effects or interactions.
Other integrative
approaches that may be helpful: IBS sufferers have increased sensitivity
to rectal pain that has been linked to psychological factors.42 Stress is
known to increase symptoms of IBS.43 Reducing stress or practicing stress
management skills have been reported to be beneficial. In one trial,
psychotherapy and relaxation combined with conventional treatment were
more effective than conventional treatment alone in two-thirds of people
with IBS.44 Hypnosis for relaxation has dramatically and consistently
relieved symptoms of IBS in some people.45 46 47
Traditional
Chinese Medicine (TCM), which uses acupuncture and Chinese herbal
therapies, has been reported to be helpful in the treatment of IBS,48
although no formal research has evaluated this
claim.
References:
1. Bentley SJ, Pearson DJ, Rix KJ.
Food hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet
1983;ii:295-7.
2. McKee AM, Prior A, Whorwell PJ. Exclusion diets
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3. Farah DA, Calder I, Benson L, Mackenzie JF.
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4. Alun Jones V, Shorthouse M, Workman
E, Hunter JO. Food intolerance and the irritable bowel. Lancet 1983;
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JO. Management of patients with food intolerance in irritable bowel
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permeability in irritable bowel syndrome. Effect of diet and sodium
cromoglycate administration. Ann Allergy 1990;64:377-80.
11. Alun
Jones V, McLaughlan P, Shorthouse M, et al. Food intolerance: A major
factor in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet
1982;ii:1115-7.
12. Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve-Pardo M, de Leon R,
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Heaton KW, Harvey RF, Uglow P. Wheat fibre and irritable bowel syndrome.
Lancet 1977;ii:417-8.
14. Hotz J, Plein K. Effectiveness of
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16. Arffmann S, Andersen JR, Hegnhoj J, et al.
The effect of coarse wheat bran in the irritable bowel syndrome. A
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1985;20:295-8.
17. Soloft J, Krag B, Gudmand-Hoyer E, et al. A
double-blind trial of the effect of wheat bran on symptoms of irritable
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18. Lucey MR, Clark ML,
Lowndes J, Dawson AM. Is bran efficacious in irritable bowel syndrome? A
double blind placebo controlled crossover study. Gut
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19. Francis CY, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable
bowel syndrome: time for reappraisal. Lancet 1994;344:39-40.
20.
Gaby AR. Commentary. Nutrition and Healing 1996;Feb:1,10-1
[review].
21. Niec AM, Frankum B, Talley NJ. Are adverse food
reactions linked to irritable bowel syndrome? Am J Gastroenterol
1998;93:2184-90 [review].
22. Bohmer CJ, Tuynman HA. The clinical
relevance of lactose malabsorption in irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J
Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;8:1013-6.
23. Cotterell CJ, Lee AJ,
Hunter JO. Double-blind cross-over trial of evening primrose oil in women
with menstrually-related irritable bowel syndrome. In Omega-6 Essential
Fatty Acids: Pathophysiology and roles in clinical medicine, Alan R Liss,
New York, 1990, 421-6.
24. Ionescu G, Kiehl R, Wichmann-Kunz F, et
al. Oral citrus seed extract in atopic eczema: In vitro and in vivo
studies on intestinal microflora. J Orthomol Med 1990;5:155-8.
25.
Hotz J, Plein K. Effectiveness of plantago seed husks in comparison with
wheat bran no stool frequency and manifestations of irritable colon
syndrome with constipation. Med Klin 1994;89:645-51.
26. Jalihal A,
Kurian G. Ispaghula therapy in irritable bowel syndrome: improvement in
overall well-being is related to reduction in bowel dissatisfaction. J
Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990;5:507-13.
27. Prior A, Whorwell PJ.
Double blind study of ispaghula irritable bowel syndrome. Gut
1987;11:1510-3.
28. Leicester RJ, Hunt RH. Peppermint oil to reduce
colonic spasm during endoscopy. Lancet 1982;ii:989 [letter].
29.
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Peppermint oil for irritable bowel syndrome: a
critical review and metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol
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30. Poynard T, Naveau S, Mory B, Chaput JC.
Meta-analysis of smooth muscle relaxants in the treatment of irritable
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31. Rees WD,
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Br Med J 1979;2(6194):835-6.
32. Liu J-H, Chen G-H, Yeh H-Z, et al.
Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel
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1997;32:765-8.
33. Dew MJ, Evans BK, Rhodes J. Peppermint oil for
the irritable bowel syndrome: A multi-center trial. Br J Clin Pract
1984;38:394-8.
34. Nash P, Gould SR, Barnardo DE. Peppermint oil
does not relieve the pain of irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Clin Pract
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35. Rogers J, Tay HH, Misiewicz JJ. Peppermint oil.
Lancet 1988;ii:98-9 [letter].
36. May B Kuntz HD, Kieser M, Kohler
S. Efficacy of a fixed peppermint/caraway oil combination in non-ulcer
dyspepsia. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46:1149-53.
37. Friese J,
K”hler S. Peppermint/caraway oil-fixed combination in non-ulcer dyspepsia:
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38. Madisch A,
Heydenreich CJ, Wieland V, et al. Treatment of functional dyspepsia with a
fixed peppermint oil and caraway oil combination preparation as compared
to cisapride. Arneimittlforschung 1999;49:925-32.
39. Westphal J,
H”rning M, Leonhardt K. Phytotherapy in functional abdominal complaints:
Results of a clinical study with a preparation of several plants.
Phytomedicine 1996;2:285-91.
40. Achterrath-Tuckerman U, Kunde R,
et al. Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile. V.
Investigations on the spasmolytic effect of compounds of chamomile and
Kamillosanr on isolated guinea pig ileum. Planta Med
1980;39:38-50.
41. Bensoussan A, Talley NJ, Hing M, et al.
Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with Chinese herbal medicine. A
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42. Whitehead
WE, Palsson OS. Is rectal pain sensitivity a biological marker for
irritable bowel syndrome: psychological influences on pain perception.
Gastroenterology 1998;115:1263-71.
43. Dancey CP, Taghavi M, Fox
RJ. The relationship between daily stress and symptoms of irritable bowel:
a time-series approach. J Psychosom Res 1998;44:537-45.
44. Guthrie
E, Creed F, Dawson D, Tomenson BG. AA controlled trial of psychological
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1991;100:450-7.
45. Harvey RF. Individual and group hypnotherapy in
treatment of refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet
1989;i:424-6.
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47. Houghton
LA, Heyman DJ, Whorwell PJ. Symptomatology, quality of life and economic
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48. Pagon A. Treatment by traditional
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Source: NOW Foods
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Please Note: This Traditional Use information is provided as a courtesy only. The products indicated above may be listed in error. This information is based on Traditional and Folklore Medicine which uses natural materials to support health. This information has not been evaluated or approved by the FDA and is not based on scientific evidence from any source. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease. If conditions persist, please seek advice from your medical doctor.
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