| | | | Other Names | | | Epileptic, Eplieptics.
View products | | | Also known as: Convulsions, Falling Sickness, Seizure
Disorders.
Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which abnormal bursts of
electrical activity occur in cells of the brain, resulting in seizures.
There are many types of epilepsy, usually categorized by the symptoms that
occur during seizures. The cause of many types of epilepsy is unknown, and
frequently no cure is available. Rather, treatment focuses on reducing the
frequency and severity of seizures.
What are the symptoms of
epilepsy? There are many types of seizures in epilepsy. They are
categorized as either partial or generalized, depending on how much of the
brain is involved. Some types of epilepsy involve seizures characterized
by convulsive muscle contractions of all or some parts of the body. Other
types can involve momentary loss of consciousness, amnesia, unusual
sensations or emotions, and other symptoms. Symptoms that indicate an
imminent seizure (called auras) may occur. Similarly, non-convulsive
symptoms, including deep sleep, headache, confusion, and muscle soreness
(called a postictal state), may follow a generalized
seizure.
Conventional treatment options: Treatment focuses on
reducing the frequency and severity of seizures. People with epilepsy may
take several different drugs to control seizures, as no single drug
controls all types. For partial seizures, carbamazepine (Tegretol),
phenytoin (Dilantin), and valproic acid (Depacon, Depakene, Depakote)
are commonly given. For absence seizures, ethosuximide (Zarontin) is
preferred. Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam [Valium], lorazepam [Ativan])
are sometimes added to a drug regimen in order to help control seizures.
About 10 to 20% of epilepsy patients do not respond to treatment and may
require surgery.
Dietary changes that may be helpful: The ketogenic
diet was developed in the early twentieth century when few drug treatments
for epilepsy were available; until recently, it had been used only when
drug therapy was ineffective. The dietary approach was based on the
observation that ketosis (increased blood levels of chemicals called
ketones) is associated with reduction of seizures.1 Ketosis can be
produced by a diet high in fat and very low in carbohydrate and protein.
The ketogenic diet has been evaluated in several preliminary and a few
controlled trials. According to a 1996 review, the ketogenic diet appears
to be very effective in one-third to one-half of epilepsy cases in
children, and partially effective in another one-third of
cases.2
Recent trials continue to support this success rate;3 4 5
one preliminary trial demonstrated a 50% reduction in seizure activity in
71% in a group of children after 45 days on the diet. There is little
research on the effects of the ketogenic diet in adults, but it may be
effective in those who are able to comply with the strict dietary
guidelines.6 7 The diet is usually initiated by fasting under close
medical supervision, often in a hospital, followed by introduction of the
diet and training of the family to ensure successful
maintenance.
Possible side effects of the ketogenic diet include
gastrointestinal upset, dehydration, anemia, low blood protein levels,
high blood levels of fat and acidity, kidney stones, and signs of liver
toxicity.8 9 Vitamin and mineral supplementation is necessary due to the
many deficiencies of this unusual diet.10 The ketogenic diet should not be
attempted without the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.
Practical information about the ketogenic diet is available in recent
texts and11 articles,12 as well as on the Internet.13
Allergic
reactions to food have been reported to trigger epileptic seizures in
individual cases,14 15 some of which were proven with double-blind
testing.16 One report found people with epilepsy to have significantly
more biochemical evidence of allergy than do non-epileptics.17 A study of
children who suffered from both epilepsy and migraine headaches found that
a diet low in potential food allergens reduced seizures in the majority of
cases; however, children who had epilepsy alone without migraines did not
respond to the diet.18 Another report confirmed that children who have
epilepsy without migraines do not improve on a low-allergen diet.19 Some
doctors recommend that people with epilepsy and other allergic symptoms,
such as asthma or hay fever, should be checked for food allergies that may
be causing seizures.20
Nutritional supplements that may be helpful:
Vitamin E has been studied as a possible add-on to conventional drug
treatment for epilepsy. A double-blind trial found that adding 400 IU per
day of vitamin E reduced seizure frequency in children without side
effects.21 Other preliminary trials22 23 have reported similar results,
and while some preliminary research suggested this effect might also be
achieved in adults,24 a double-blind trial found no effect of vitamin E
supplementation on adults with epilepsy.25
Folic acid
supplementation (5 mg per day) was reported to reduce epileptic seizure
frequency, though the effect was not significantly better than with
placebo.26 Folic acid supplementation of as little as 800 mcg per day has
also been reported to interfere with the action of anticonvulsant
medications, resulting in an increase in the frequency and/or severity of
seizures;27 28 29 30 this effect occurs only in a small number of cases.31
32 People taking anticonvulsant medications should consult with the
prescribing physician before deciding whether to use folic
acid.
Vitamin B6 has been used to treat infants and small children
who have seizures related to a genetic enzyme defect.33 34 35 36 However,
this condition is not considered true epilepsy, and whether people with
epilepsy would benefit from taking vitamin B6 supplements is
unknown.
Taurine is an amino acid that is thought to play a role in
the electrical activity of the brain; deficits of taurine in the brain
have been associated with some types of epilepsy. However, while some
short-term studies have suggested that taurine supplementation may reduce
epileptic seizures in some people, the effect appears to be only
temporary.37
Case reports have suggested that evening primrose oil
may worsen symptoms in people with temporal lobe epilepsy.38 Until more is
known, people with this type of epilepsy should avoid using evening
primrose oil supplements, except perhaps under the supervision of a
qualified physician.
A small, preliminary trial found that 5 to 10
mg per day of melatonin improved sleep and provided "clear improvement of
the seizure situation" among children with one of two rare seizure
disorders.39 More research is needed to determine whether or not melatonin
could benefit other people with epilepsy.
Are there any side
effects or interactions? Refer to the individual supplement for
information about any side effects or interactions.
Herbs that may
be helpful: The Chinese herb bupleurum is included in two similar Chinese
herbal formulae known as sho-saiko-to and saiko-keishi-to; these
combinations contain the same herbs but in different proportions. The
other ingredients are peony root, pinellia root, cassia bark, ginger root,
jujube fruit, Asian ginseng root, Asian scullcap root, and licorice root.
Both formulas have been shown in preliminary trials to be helpful for
people with epilepsy.40 41 42 No negative interactions with a variety of
anticonvulsant drugs were noted in these trials. The usual amount taken of
these formulas is 2.5 grams three times per day as capsules or tea. People
with epilepsy should not use either formula without first consulting with
a healthcare professional.
Are there any side effects or
interactions? Refer to the individual herb for information about any side
effects or interactions.
References:
1. Wilder RM.
The effects of ketonemia on the course of epilepsy. Mayo Clinic Proc
1921;2:307-8.
2. Prasad AN, Stafstrom CF, Holmes GL. Alternative
epilepsy therapies: the ketogenic diet, immunoglobulins, and steroids.
Epilepsia 1996;37:S81-S95 [review].
3. Vining EPG, Freemen JM,
Ballaban-Gil K, et al. A multicenter study of the efficacy of the
ketogenic diet. Arch Neurol 1998;55:1433-7.
4. Freeman JM, Vining
EP, Pillas DJ, et al. The efficacy of the ketogenic diet-1998: a
prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children. Pediatrics
1998;102:1358-63.
5. Neelam GK, Koehler AN, McGhee B, et al. The
ketogenic diet in refractory epilepsy: the experience of Children's
Hospital of Pittsburgh. Clinical Pediatrics 2000;39:153-9.
6.
Barborka CJ. Results of treatment by ketogenic diet in one hundred cases
of epilepsy in adults. Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1929;7:638-58.
7.
Ballaban-Gil K, Callahan CM, O'Dell C, et al. The ketogenic diet in the
treatment of intractable epilepsy in adults. Epilepsy 1996;37:92
[abstract].
8. Ballaban-Gil K, Callahan CM, O'Dell C, et al.
Complications of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 1998;39:744-8.
9.
Prasad AN, Stafstrom CF, Holmes GL. Alternative epilepsy therapies: the
ketogenic diet, immunoglobulins, and steroids. Epilepsia 1996;37:S81-95
[review].
10. Barron TF, Hunt SL. A review of the newer
antiepileptic drugs and the ketogenic diet. Clin Pediatr (Phila)
1997;36:513-21.
11. Freeman JM, Kelly MT, Freeman JB. The epilepsy
diet treatment. New York, NY: Demos, 1994.
12. Carroll J,
Koenigsberger D. The ketogenic diet: a practical guide for caregivers. J
Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:316-21.
13.
http://www-leland.stanford.edu/group/ketodiet
14. Stevens H.
Allergy and epilepsy. Epilepsia 1965;6:205-16 [review].
15.
Campbell M. Neurologic manifestations of allergic disease. Ann Allergy
1973;31:485-98 [review].
16. Crayton JW, Stone T, Stein G. Epilepsy
precipitated by food sensitivity: report of a case with double-blind
placebo-controlled assessment. Clin Electroencephalogr
1981;12:192-8.
17. Cunningham AS. Allergy, immunodeficiency and
epilepsy. Lancet 1975;11:975 [letter].
18. Egger J, Carter CM,
Soothill JF, Wilson J. Oligoantigenic diet treatment of children with
epilepsy and migraine. J Pediatr 1989;114:51-8.
19. Van Someren V,
Robinson RO, McArdle B, Sturgeon N. Restricted diets for treatment of
migraine. J Pediatr 1990;117:509-10 [letter].
20. Crayton JW, Stone
T, Stein G. Epilepsy precipitated by food sensitivity: report of a case
with double-blind placebo-controlled assessment. Clin Electroencephalogr
1981;12:192-8.
21. Ogunmekan AO, Hwang PA. A randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of D-alpha-tocopheryl
acetate (vitamin E), as add-on therapy, for epilepsy in children.
Epilepsia 1989;30:84-9.
22. Hom AC, Weaver RC, Aldersen JJ.
Efficacy of D-alpha tocopherol acetate as adjunctive antiepileptic agent
in patients with refractory epilepsy and profound developmental
disability. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
trial. Epilepsia 1991;32(suppl 3):63 [abstract].
23. Sullivan C,
Capaldi N, Mack G, Buchanan N. Seizures and natural vitamin E. Med J Aust
1990;152:613-4 [letter].
24. Tupeev IR, Kryzhanovskii GN, Nikushkin
EV, et al. The antioxidant system in the dynamic combined treatment of
epilepsy patients with traditional anticonvulsant preparations and an
antioxidant-alpha-tocopherol. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1993;116:362-4 [in
Russian].
25. Raju GB, Behari M, Prasad K, Ahuja GK. Randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of D-alpha-tocopherol
(vitamin E) as add-on therapy in uncontrolled epilepsy. Epilepsia
1994;35:368-72.
26. Gibberd FB, Nicholls A, Wright MG. The
influence of folic acid on the frequency of epileptic attacks. Eur J Clin
Pharmacol 1981;19:57-60.
27. Guidolin L, Vignoli A, Canger R.
Worsening in seizure frequency and severity in relation to folic acid
administration. Eur J Neurol 1998;5:301-3.
28. Lewis DP, Van Dyke
DC, Willhite LA. Phenytoin-folic acid interaction. Ann Pharmacother
1995;29:726-35 [review].
29. Berg MJ, Rivey MP, Vern BA, et al.
Phenytoin and folic acid: individualized drug-drug interaction. Ther Drug
Monit 1983;5:395-9.
30. Reynolds EH. Effects of folic acid on the
mental state and fit frequency of drug treated epileptic patients. Lancet
1967;1:1086.
31. Eros E, Geher P, Gomor B, et al. Epileptogenic
activity of folic acid after drug induces SLE (folic acid and epilepsy).
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;80:75-8.
32. Ueda S,
Shirakawa T, Nakazawa Y, et al. Epilepsy and folic acid. Folia Psychiatr
Neurol Jpn 1977;31:327-37.
33. Bankier A, Turner M, Hopkins IJ.
Pyridoxine dependent seizures-a wider clinical spectrum. Arch Dis Child
1983;58:415-8.
34. Baxter P, Griffiths P, Kelly T, et al.
Pyridoxine-dependent seizures: demographic, clinical, MRI and psychometric
features, and effect of dose on intelligence quotient. Develop Med Child
Neurol 1996;38:998-1006.
35. Jiao FY, Gao DY, Takuma Y, et al.
Randomized, controlled trial of high- dose intravenous pyridoxine in the
treatment of recurrent seizures in children. Pediatr Neurol
1997;17:54-7.
36. Goutieres F, Aicardi J. Atypical presentation of
pyridoxine-dependent seizures: a treatable cause of intractable epilepsy
in infants. Ann Neurol 1985;17:117-20.
37. Durelli L, Mutani R. The
current status of taurine in epilepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol
1983;6:37-48.
38. Vaddadi KS. The use of gamma-linolenic acid and
linoleic acid to differentiate between temporal lobe epilepsy and
schizophrenia. Prostaglandins Med 1981;6:375-9.
39. Fauteck J,
Schmidt H, Lerchl A, et al. Melatonin in epilepsy: first results of
replacement therapy and first clinical results. Biol Signals Recept
1999;8:105-10.
40. Yarnell EY, Abascal K. An herbal formula for
treating intractable epilepsy: a review of the literature. Alt Compl Ther
2000;6:203-6 [review].
41. Narita Y, Satowa H, Kokubu T, et al.
Treatment of epileptic patients with the Chinese herbal medicine
"saiko-keishi-to" (SK). IRCS Med Sci 1982;10:88-9.
42. Nagakubo S,
Niwa S-I, Kumagai N, et al. Effects of TJ-960 on Sternberg's paradigm
results in epileptic patients. Jpn J Psych Neur
1993;47:609-19.
Source: NOW Foods
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Please Note: This Traditional Use information is provided as a courtesy only. The products indicated above may be listed in error. This information is based on Traditional and Folklore Medicine which uses natural materials to support health. This information has not been evaluated or approved by the FDA and is not based on scientific evidence from any source. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease. If conditions persist, please seek advice from your medical doctor.
| | 9 total products | | | | |  |
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Epilepsy - Health - L-Glutamine 10.50 oz / 298 g
30.69 US More Info
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Epilepsy - Health - L-Glutamine Powder - 100% Pure - Highest Grade 6 oz / 170 g
27.28 US More Info
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Epilepsy - Health - Valerian Root Tea 25 tea bags
11.26 US In Stock - Ships Today! More Info
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Epilepsy - Health - Valerian Root Tea 50 tea bags
14.09 US More Info
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Epilepsy - Health - Mistletoe Leaf 450 mg 100 capsules
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Epilepsy - Health - H-Y Formula Tea 25 tea bags
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Epilepsy - Health - H-Y Formula Tea 50 tea bags
16.26 US More Info
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Epilepsy - Health - V-B Formula Tea 25 tea bags
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Epilepsy - Health - V-B Formula Tea 50 tea bags
16.73 US In Stock - Ships Today! More Info
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