| | | | Other Names | | | Colsore, Cold Sore, Coldsores, Apthous Ulcer, Apthous Ulcers,
Apthae, Fever Blister, Fever Blisters, Herpes
Simplex Type I (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex Type I, HSV-1, Oral Herpes, Herpes
Simplex Type I (HSV-1).
View products | | | Cold sores are caused by a herpes virus, most often the herpes simplex 1
virus. Cold sores should not be confused with canker sores, which are
small ulcerations in the mouth. Rather, cold sores are fluid-filled
blisters that form on the borders of the lips. The blisters, which are
contagious, later break, ooze, and crust over before healing. Recurrences
are common and can be triggered by stress, sun exposure, illness, and
menstruation. Genital herpes infection (usually caused by herpes simplex
2) is a related condition and potentially may be treated in much the same
way as herpes simplex 1.
What are the symptoms of cold
sores? Cold sores may appear with colds, fevers, exposure to excessive
sunlight, or menstrual periods, as well as during periods of stress or
illness. The sores usually disappear within two weeks. Initially, there
may be tingling or prickling at the site of the cold sores even before
they are visible (called the prodrome); afterward, the blisters often weep
a clear fluid and form a scab. If the infection is transmitted to the
eyes, it may lead to blindness.
Conventional Treatment Options:
Topical ointments, usually containing sunscreen and camphor (e.g.,
Blistexr and Campho-Pheniquer), are commonly recommended to ease the local
pain. Antiviral medications such as topical acyclovir or oral acyclovir
(Zoviraxr) and penciclovir (Denavirr) may be taken internally or applied
as an ointment. For symptomatic relief of cold-sore pain, over-the-counter
analgesics, such as aspirin (Bayer), ibuprofen (Advil), and acetaminophen
(Tylenol), may also be recommended.
Dietary changes that may be
helpful: The herpes simplex virus has a high requirement for the amino
acid, arginine. On the other hand, the amino acid, lysine, inhibits viral
replication.1 Therefore, a diet that is low in arginine and high in lysine
may help prevent or treat herpes outbreaks. Several studies have shown
that increasing lysine intake can reduce the recurrence rate of cold
sores.2 Although people with herpes simplex reportedly consume about the
same amount of arginine and lysine in their diet as do people without cold
sores,3 it is conceivable that adjusting the intake of these amino acids
may be beneficial. For that reason, many doctors advise people with cold
sores to avoid foods with high arginine-to-lysine ratios, such as nuts,
peanuts, and chocolate. Nonfat yogurt and other nonfat dairy can be a
healthful way to increase lysine intake.
Nutritional supplements
that may be helpful: The amino acid, lysine, has been reported to
reduce the recurrence rate of herpes simplex infections in both
preliminary4 5 and double-blind trials.6 7 The amount used in these
studies was usually 1 to 3 grams per day, although some people received as
little as 312 mg per day. In one double-blind trial, lysine
supplementation (1,200 mg per day) failed to prevent recurrences better
than placebo.8 However, the results of that study may have been skewed by
a large number of dropouts in the placebo group who fared poorly but were
not included in the analysis.
When lysine has been used for acute
outbreaks, the results have been mixed. In a preliminary study, 390 mg of
lysine taken at the first sign of a herpes outbreak resulted in rapid
resolution of the cold sores in all cases.9 However, in a double-blind
study, supplementing with 1 gram of lysine per day for five days did not
increase the healing rate of the cold sores.10
Vitamin C has been
shown to inactivate herpes viruses in the test tube.11 In one study,
people with herpes infections received either a placebo or 200 mg of
vitamin C plus 200 mg of flavonoids, each taken three to five times per
day. Compared with the placebo, vitamin C and flavonoids reduced the
duration of symptoms by 57%.12
Zinc preparations have been shown to
inhibit the replication of herpes simplex in the test tube.13 In one
study, people with recurrent herpes simplex infections applied a zinc
sulfate solution daily to the sores. After healing occurred, the frequency
of applications was reduced to once a week for a month, then to twice a
month. During an observation period of 16 to 23 months, none of these
people experienced a recurrence of their cold sores.14
Zinc oxide,
the only commercially available form of zinc for topical application, is
probably ineffective as a treatment for herpes simplex.15 Other forms of
topical zinc can be obtained by prescription, through a compounding
pharmacist. However, because an excessive concentration of zinc may cause
skin irritation, topical zinc should be used only with the supervision of
a doctor knowledgeable in its use.
In a preliminary trial, a piece
of cotton saturated with vitamin E oil was applied to newly erupted cold
sores and held in place for 15 minutes. The first application was
performed in the dentist's office. Participants were instructed to repeat
the procedure every three hours for the rest of that day, and then three
times daily for two more days. In nearly all cases, pain disappeared in
less than eight hours. Application of vitamin E oil appeared to accelerate
healing of the cold sores.16 Similar results were reported in another
study.17
Application of an ointment containing propolis, the resin
collected by bees from trees, has been shown to relieve genital herpes
more effectively than topical acyclovir.18 It is likely that this
treatment might also benefit people with cold sores, although this has not
been tested. Propolis ointment should be applied four times per
day.
Boric acid has antiviral activity. In a double-blind trial,
topical application of an ointment containing boric acid (in the form of
sodium borate) shortened the duration of cold sores by about one-third.19
However, concerns about potential toxicity have led some doctors to avoid
the use of boric acid for this purpose.
A preliminary study found
that people with recurrent cold sores have lower iron stores than healthy
people.20 This may mean that correcting an iron deficiency might help
prevent herpes outbreaks, but more research is necessary. Most people
should not take iron supplements unless they have an iron deficiency,
confirmed by a blood test.
Are there any side effects or
interactions? Refer to the individual supplement for information about
any side effects or interactions.
Herbs that may be helpful:
Lemon balm has antiviral properties. A cream containing an extract of
lemon balm has been shown in double-blind trials to speed the healing of
cold sores.21 In one double-blind trial, topical application of a 1% 70:1
extract of lemon-balm leaf cream, four times daily for five days, led to
significantly fewer symptoms and fewer blisters than experienced by those
using a placebo cream.22 In most studies, the lemon-balm cream was applied
two to four times per day for five to ten days.
The
proanthocyanidins in witch hazel have been shown to exert significant
antiviral activity against herpes simplex 1 in the test tube.23 In a
double-blind trial, people with acute cold sore outbreaks applied a
topical cream containing 2% witch hazel bark extract or placebo six times
a day for three to eight days.24 By the end of the eighth day, those using
the witch-hazel cream had a pronounced and statistically significant
reduction in the size and spread of the inflammation when compared to the
placebo group.
Licorice in the form of a cream or gel may be
applied directly to herpes sores three to four times per day. Licorice
extracts containing glycyrrhizin or glycyrrhetinic acid should be used, as
these are the constituents in licorice most likely to provide activity
against the herpes simplex virus. There are no controlled trials
demonstrating the effectiveness of this treatment, but a cream containing
a synthetic version of glycyrrhetinic acid (carbenoxolone) was reported to
speed healing time and reduce pain in people with herpes
simplex.25
In traditional herbal medicine, tinctures of various
herbs, including chaparral, St. John's wort, goldenseal, myrrh, and
echinacea, have been applied topically to herpes outbreaks in order to
promote healing.
An extract from elderberry leaves, combined with
St. John's wort and soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), has been found to
inhibit the herpes simplex virus in the test tube.26 However, the effect
of these herbs on cold sores has not been studied.
Are there any
side effects or interactions? Refer to the individual herb for
information about any side effects or
interactions.
References:
1. Tankersley RW Jr. Amino
acid requirements of herpes simplex virus in human cells. J Bacteriol
1964;87:609-13.
2. Flodin NW. The metabolic roles, pharmacology,
and toxicology of lysine. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:7-21 [review].
3.
Algert SJ, Stubblefield NE, Grasse BJ, et al. Assessment of dietary intake
of lysine and arginine in patients with herpes simplex. J Am Diet Assoc
1987:87:1560-1.
4. Flodin NW. The metabolic roles, pharmacology,
and toxicology of lysine. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:7-21 [review].
5.
Griffith RS, Norins AL, Kagan C. A multicentered study of lysine therapy
in herpes simplex infection. Dermatologica 1978;156:257-67.
6.
Griffith RS, Walsh DE, Myrmel KH, et al. Success of L-lysine therapy in
frequently recurrent herpes simplex infection. Dermatologica
1987;175:183-90.
7. Milman N, Scheibel J, Jessen O. Lysine
prophylaxis in recurrent herpes simplex labialis: a double blind,
controlled crossover study. Acta Derm Venereol 1980;60:85-7.
8.
DiGiovanna JJ, Blank H. Failure of lysine in frequently recurrent herpes
simplex infection. Treatment and prophylaxis. Arch Dermatol
1984;120:48-51.
9. Kagan C. Lysine therapy for herpes simplex.
Lancet 1974;i:137 [letter].
10. Milman N, Scheibel J, Jessen O.
Failure of lysine treatment in recurrent herpes simplex labialis. Lancet
1978;ii:942 [letter].
11. Holden M, Molloy E. Further experiments
on the inactivation of herpes virus by vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid). J
Immunol 1937;33:251-7.
12. Terezhalmy GT, Bottomley WK, Pelleu GB.
The use of water-soluble bioflavonoid-ascorbic acid complex in the
treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. Oral Surg
1978;45:56-62.
13. Eby GA, Halcomb WW. Use of topical zinc to
prevent recurrent herpes simplex infection: review of literature and
suggested protocols. Med Hypotheses 1985;17:157-65.
14. Brody I.
Topical treatment of recurrent herpes simplex and post-herpetic erythema
multiforme with low concentrations of zinc sulphate solution. Br J
Dermatol 1981;104:191-4.
15. Apisariyakulm A, Buddhasukh D,
Apisariyakul S, Ternai B. Zinc monoglycerolate is effective against oral
herpetic sores. Med J Aust 1990;152:54.
16. Nead DE. Effective
vitamin E treatment for ulcerative herpetic lesions. Dent Survey
1976;52(7):50-1.
17. Fink M, Fink J. Treatment of herpes simplex by
alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Br Dent J 1980;148:246 [letter].
18.
Vynograd N, Vynograd I, Sosnowski Z. A comparative multi-centre study of
the efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment of
genital herpes (HSV). Phytomedicine 2000;7:1-6.
19. Skinner GRB,
Hartley CE, Millar D, Bishop E. Possible treatment for cold sores. Br Med
J 1979;2:704.
20. Lamey PJ, Biagioni PA. Relationship between iron
status and recrudescent herpes labialis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis
1995;14:604-5.
21. W”lbling RH, Leonhardt K. Local therapy of
herpes simplex with dried extract of Melissa officinalis. Phytomedicine
1994;1:25-31.
22. Koytchev R, Alken RG, Dundarov S. Balm mint
extract (Lo-701) for topical treatment of recurring herpes labialis.
Phytomedicine 1999;6:225-30.
23. Erdelmeier CA, Cinatl J Jr,
Rabenau H, et al. Antiviral and antiphlogistic activities of Hamamelis
virginiana bark. Planta Med 1996;62:241-5.
24. Baumg„rtner M,
K”hler S, Moll I, et al. Localized treatment of herpes labialis using
hamamelis special extract: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Z
Allerg Med 1998;74:158-61.
25. Partridge M, Poswillo D. Topical
carbenoxolone sodium in the management of herpes simplex infection. Br J
Oral Maxillfac Surg 1984;22:138-45.
26. Serkedjieva J, Manolova N,
Zgorniak-Nowosielska I, et al. Antiviral activity of the infusion
(SHS-174) from flowers of Sambucus nigra L., aerial parts of Hypericum
perforatum L., and roots of Saponaria officinalis L. against influenza and
herpes simplex viruses. Phytother Res 1990;4:97-100.
Source: NOW
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Please Note: This Traditional Use information is provided as a courtesy only. The products indicated above may be listed in error. This information is based on Traditional and Folklore Medicine which uses natural materials to support health. This information has not been evaluated or approved by the FDA and is not based on scientific evidence from any source. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease. If conditions persist, please seek advice from your medical doctor.
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