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View only "Indigestion" in Health Vitamins B Acidophilus / Bifidus

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Indigestion

Please Note: This Traditional Use information is provided as a courtesy only. The products indicated above may be listed in error. This information is based on Traditional and Folklore Medicine which uses natural materials to support health. This information has not been evaluated or approved by the FDA and is not based on scientific evidence from any source. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease. If conditions persist, please seek advice from your medical doctor.

	Other Names
	Dyspepsia, Dyspepsic, Digestive, Digesting, Digestion, Digestive Tract, Digestive System, Indigestion, Alimentary Tract, Alimentary Canal, Alimentary, Gastrointestinal Tract, GI Tract. View products
	Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation are the three processes by which the body incorporates food. In digestion, food is softened and converted into a form soluble in the watery fluids of the body; or, in the case of fat, into minute globules. The substances formed are then absorbed from the bowels and carried throughout the body by the blood. In assimilation, these substances, deposited from the blood, are used by the various tissues for their growth and repair. Transit time through the digestive tract in young and middle-aged people averages two to four days (slightly longer in the elderly, and dependent on the amount of fibre in the diet). All but 12 hours of this is spent in the colon. Salivary Digestion occurs in the mouth with chewing, to break up the food, and thoroughly to mix the starchy ingredients - such as bread and potatoes - with saliva containing ptyalin that changes them into sugar. After swallowing the salivary action is soon checked by the gastric acid in the stomach. Gastric Digestion is facilitated by slow churning movements mixing the food with the gastric juice and rendering it soluble. The final product, chyme, passes through the pylorus into the intestine. Gastric digestion of a simple meal takes about one hour, and a heavy dinner up to seven hours. Intestinal Digestion. The softened food leaves the stomach and enters the intestine where four factors act on it: (a) bile; (b) pancreatic juice (c) intestinal juice, and (d) bacteria. Intestinal juice contains enzymes which complete the breakdown of proteins into their constituent amino acids, act on disaccharides, such as maltose, sucrose and lactose, converting them into the monosaccharide glucose and split fats into fatty acids and glycerin. Bacteria are normal occupants of both small and large intestines. In the former they have a fermentive action, acting on carbohydrate to produce acetic, butyric and lactic acids. In the latter they have a putrefactive action, decomposing protein into its constituent parts. The intestinal bacteria have a key part in the manufacture of certain components of the vitamin B complex. Absorption. The only substance absorbed from the stomach to any extent is Alcohol. Water quickly passes through the stomach into the intestine, but it is only after several hours of intestinal digestion that the bulk of the food is taken into the system. Fats produced from the chyle leaving the stomach are taken up by lymph vessels called lacteals, ultimately reaching the blood, while sugars, salts and amino acids formed from proteins pass directly into the small blood vessels of the intestine. The process is facilitated by the large number of microscopic villi which line the intestine. Food materials are mainly absorbed by the small intestine, water and salts by the large intestine or colon. The food is passed down the intestine by contractions of its muscular wall until finally the indigestible residue, together with various wastes excreted from the liver and intestinal walls, is expelled from the anus as stools or faeces. Assimilation takes place more slowly as the blood circulates through the body and each organ extracts what is necessary for its own growth and repair. When the food supply exceeds immediate bodily requirements, it is stored up for future use, with fat being deposited in various sites, sugar being converted into glycogen in the liver. Muscles have the greatest requirements with sugar and amino acids being assimilated for heat production and work. To function satisfactorily the body requires an adequate daily water intake of about 1.5 litres (3 pints), with a similar amount being discharged from the body in the urine, perspiration and other excretions such as saliva and tears. Indigestion, Heartburn, and Low Stomach Acidity Also knwon as: Bloating (Indigestion), Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Gas (Stomach), Hypochlorhydria, Poor Digestion, Stomach Upset, Wind. "Indigestion" refers to any number of gastrointestinal complaints, which can include gas (belching or flatulence) and upset stomach. "Heartburn" refers to a burning feeling that can be caused by stomach acid regurgitating into the esophagus from the stomach, by gastritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach), or by an ulcer of the stomach or duodenum (also called peptic ulcer). In some cases, such as lactose intolerance, symptoms of indigestion are due to a specific cause that requires specific treatment. Sometimes symptoms associated with indigestion are caused by diseases unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract. For example, ovarian cancer may cause a sensation of bloating. Anyone with symptoms of indigestion should be properly diagnosed by a healthcare professional before assuming that the information below is applicable to their situation. The most common cause of heartburn is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), in which the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach is not functioning properly. Another, related cause of heartburn is hiatal hernia, in which a small portion of the stomach protrudes through the aforementioned sphincter. According to Jonathan Wright, MD, another cause of heartburn can be too little stomach acid.1 This may seem to be a paradox, but based on the clinical experience of a few doctors such as Dr. Wright, supplementing with betaine HCl (a compound that contains hydrochloric acid) often relieves the symptoms of heartburn and improves digestion, at least in people who have hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid). The amount of betaine HCl used varies with the size of the meal and with the amount of protein ingested. Typical amounts recommended by doctors range from 600 to 2,400 mg per meal. Use of betaine HCl should be monitored by a healthcare practitioner and should be considered only for indigestion sufferers who have been diagnosed with hypochlorhydria. Medical researchers since the 1930s have been concerned about the consequences of hypochlorhydria. While all the health consequences are still not entirely clear, some have been well documented. Many minerals and vitamins appear to require adequate concentrations of stomach acid to be absorbed optimally-examples are iron,2 zinc,3 and B-complex vitamins,4 including folic acid.5 People with achlorhydria (no stomach acid) or hypochlorhydria may therefore be at risk of developing various nutritional deficiencies, which could presumably contribute to the development of a wide range of health problems. One of the major functions of stomach acid is to initiate the digestion of large protein molecules. If this digestive function is not performed efficiently, incompletely digested protein fragments may be absorbed into the bloodstream. The absorption of these large molecules may contribute to the development of food allergies and immunological disorders.6 7 In addition, stomach acid normally provides a barrier against bacteria, fungi, and other organisms that are present in food and water. People with inadequate stomach acidity may therefore be at risk of having "unfriendly" microorganisms colonize their intestinal tract.8 9 Some of these organisms produce toxic substances that can be absorbed by the body. Some researchers have found that people with certain diseases are more likely to have an inability to produce normal quantities of stomach acid. However, this does not mean these diseases are caused by too little stomach acid. Jonathan Wright, MD, usually tests patients' stomach acid if they suffer from food allergies, arthritis (both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis), pernicious anemia (too little vitamin B12), asthma, diabetes, vitiligo, eczema, tic douloureux, Addison's disease, celiac disease, lupus erythematosus, or thyroid disease.10 What are the symptoms of indigestion? The symptoms of indigestion or upset stomach may include painful or burning sensations in the upper abdomen, bloating, belching, diffuse abdominal pain, heartburn, passing gas, nausea, and occasionally vomiting. The appearance of these symptoms is often associated with eating. Conventional treatment options: Conventional treatment includes the avoidance of problem foods, such as citrus fruits, spicy foods, fatty foods, milk, and beans. Medications may also be prescribed to control stomach acidity: histamine H2 inhibitors (e.g., cimetidine [Tagamet], famotidine [Pepcid], nizatidine [Axid], ranitidine [Zantac]), proton pump inhibitors (e.g., lansoprazole [Prevacid], omeprazole [Prilosec]), and antacids (e.g., Maalox, Mylanta, Rolaids, Tums). Activated charcoal or simethicone (Gas-X, Mylicon, Phazyme) may be prescribed for relief of gas and bloating. Dietary changes that may be helpful: Doctors have observed that heartburn and indigestion may be relieved in some people by avoiding or reducing the intake of caffeine and alcohol. In addition, some people with symptoms of indigestion appear to have food allergies or intolerances. Avoiding such foods may improve digestive complaints in those people. While most doctors believe there is an important connection between diet and intestinal symptoms, there are few published data documenting such associations. Dietary modifications should be undertaken with the help of a healthcare practitioner. People who eat too fast or fail to chew their food adequately may also experience symptoms of indigestion or heartburn. Nutritional supplements that may be helpful: Lipase, a pancreatic enzyme, aids in the digestion of fats and may improve digestion in some people. In a double-blind trial, a timed-release form of pancreatic enzymes was shown to significantly reduce gas, bloating, and fullness after a high-fat meal.11 Participants in this study took one capsule immediately before the meal and two capsules immediately after the meal. The three capsules together provided 30,000 USP units of lipase, 112,500 USP units of protease, and 99,600 USP units of amylase. However, the amount of pancreatic enzymes needed may vary from person to person, and should be determined with the help of a doctor. Are there any side effects or interactions? Refer to the individual supplement for information about any side effects or interactions. Herbs that may be helpful: Three major categories of herbs are used to treat indigestion when no cause for the condition is known: bitters (digestive stimulants), carminatives (gas-relieving herbs), and demulcents (soothing herbs). The effects of these different categories on heartburn and low stomach acid will be discussed individually. Although there is overlap in the conditions, the categories are helpful. Bitter digestive stimulants Andrographis, Artichoke, Barberry, Bitter melon, Bitter orange, Blessed thistle, Boldo, Centaury, Dandelion, Devil's claw, Elecampane, Gentian, Goldenseal, Greater celandine, Horehound, Juniper, Oregon grape, Picrorhiza, Prickly ash, Vervain, Wormwood, Yarrow, Yellow dock Carminatives (gas-relieving) Anise, Basil, Caraway, Cardamom, Chamomile, Cinnamon, Cloves, Coriander, Dill, European angelica, Fennel, Ginger, Lavender, Lemon balm, Linden, Oregano, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sage, Thyme, Turmeric Demulcents (soothing) Bladderwrack, Licorice, Marshmallow, Slippery elm Multiple, unclear actions Chaparral Bitter herbs are thought to stimulate digestive function by increasing saliva production and promoting both stomach acid and digestive enzyme production.12 As a result, they are particularly used when there is low stomach acid but not in heartburn (where too much stomach acid could initially exacerbate the situation). These herbs literally taste bitter. Some examples of bitter herbs include greater celandine, wormwood, and gentian. Bitters are generally taken either by mixing 1-3 ml tincture into water and sipping slowly 10-30 minutes before eating, or by making tea, which is also sipped slowly before eating. A double-blind study found that a standardized extract of greater celandine could relieve symptoms of indigestion (such as abdominal cramping, sensation of fullness, and nausea) significantly better than placebo.13 The study employed an extract standardized to 4 mg of chelidonine per capsule and gave 1-2 tablets three times daily for six weeks. However, recent reports of hepatitis following intake of greater celandine have raised concerns about its safety for treating indigestion.14 Artichoke, in addition to being an edible plant, is a mild bitter. Extracts of artichoke have been repeatedly shown in double-blind research to be beneficial for people with indigestion.15 Artichoke is particularly useful when the problem is lack of bile production by the liver.16 Extracts providing 500-1,000 mg per day of cynarin, the main active constituent of artichoke, are recommended by doctors. Wormwood is sometimes used in combination with carminative herbs for people with indigestion. One double-blind trial found that a combination with peppermint, caraway, and fennel was useful in reducing gas and cramping in people with indigestion.17 Other bitters are gentian, dandelion, blessed thistle, yarrow, devil's claw, bitter orange, bitter melon, juniper, andrographis, prickly ash, and centaury.18 The amounts used are the same as the general recommendations for bitters when they are employed for the treatment of indigestion. Some bitters widely used in traditional medicine in North America include yarrow, yellow dock, goldenseal, Oregon grape, and vervain. Oregon grape's European cousin barberry has also traditionally been used as a bitter. Animal studies indicate that yarrow, barberry, and Oregon grape, in addition to stimulating digestion like other bitters, may relieve spasms in the intestinal tract.19 Boldo has been used in South America for a variety of digestive conditions, although this may have stemmed from its impact on intestinal infections or liver function. Studies specifically showing a benefit from taking boldo in people with indigestion and heartburn have not been performed. Picrorhiza, from India, has a similar story to that of boldo. While it is clearly a bitter digestive stimulant, human studies to confirm this have not yet been completed. Horehound contains a number of constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, diterpenes (e.g., marrubiin), and trace amounts of volatile oils.20 The major active constituent marrubiin and possibly its precursor, premarrubiin, are herbal bitters that increase the flow of saliva and gastric juice, thereby stimulating the appetite.21 Similar to horehound, elecampane has been used by herbalists to treat people with indigestion. Carminatives (also called aromatic digestive tonics or aromatic bitters) may be used to relieve symptoms of indigestion, particularly when there is excessive gas. It is believed that carminative agents work, at least in part, by relieving spasms in the intestinal tract.22 Among the most notable and well-studied carminatives are peppermint, fennel, and caraway. Double-blind trials have shown that combinations of peppermint and caraway oil and a combination of peppermint, fennel, caraway, and wormwood have been found to reduce gas and cramping in people with indigestion.23 24 25 Generally, 3-5 drops of natural essential oils or 3-5 ml of tincture of any of these herbs, taken in water two to three times per day before meals, can be helpful. Alternately, a tea can be made by grinding 2-3 teaspoons of the seeds of fennel or caraway or the leaves of peppermint, and then simmering them in a cup of water (covered) for ten minutes. Drink three or more cups per day just after meals. Linden also has a long tradition of use for indigestion. Older clinical trials have shown that linden flower tea can help people who suffer from upset stomach or from excessive gas that causes the stomach to push up and put pressure on the heart (also known as the gastrocardiac syndrome.)26 27 The reputed antispasmodic action of linden, particularly in the intestines, has been confirmed in at least one human trial.28 Linden tea is prepared by steeping 2-3 tsp of flowers in a cup of hot water for 15 minutes. Several cups per day are recommended. In a double-blind trial, the spice turmeric was found to relieve indigestion.29 Two capsules containing 250 mg turmeric powder per capsule were given four times per day. Chamomile (German chamomile or Matricaria recutita) is effective in relieving inflamed or irritated mucous membranes of the digestive tract. Since heartburn sometimes involves reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus, the anti-inflammatory properties of chamomile may also be useful. In addition, chamomile promotes normal digestion.30 However, modern studies to prove chamomile beneficial for people with heartburn or indigestion are lacking. Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) has not been studied for indigestion though it has traditionally been used similarly to German chamomile. Typically taken in tea form, chamomile is recommended three to four times per day between meals. Chamomile tea is prepared by pouring boiling water over dried flowers, and steeping for several minutes. Alternatively, 3-5 ml of chamomile tincture may be added to hot water or 2-3 grams of chamomile in capsule or tablet form may be taken three to four times per day between meals. Lemon balm is another carminative herb used traditionally for indigestion.31 Lemon balm, usually taken as tea, is prepared by steeping 2-3 teaspoons of leaves in hot water for 10 to 15 minutes in a covered container. Three or more cups per day are consumed immediately after meals. Three to five milliliters of tincture can also be used three times per day. There are numerous other carminative herbs, including European angelica root (Angelica archangelica), anise, basil, cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, dill, ginger, oregano, rosemary, sage, lavender, and thyme.32 Many of these are common kitchen herbs and thus are readily available for making tea to calm an upset stomach. Rosemary is sometimes used to treat indigestion in the elderly by European herbal practitioners.33 The German Commission E monograph suggests a daily intake of 4-6 grams of sage leaf.34 Pennyroyal is no longer recommended for use in people with indigestion, however, due to potential side effects. Demulcents are the third category of herbs used to treat indigestion and heartburn. These herbs seem to work by decreasing inflammation and forming a physical barrier against stomach acid or other abdominal irritants. Examples of demulcent herbs include ginger, licorice, and slippery elm. Ginger is a spice well known for its traditional use as a treatment for a variety of gastrointestinal complaints, ranging from flatulence to ulcers. Ginger has anti-inflammatory and anti-nausea properties. Ginger has been shown to enhance normal, spontaneous movements of the intestines that aid digestion.35 Licorice protects the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract by increasing the production of mucin, a compound that protects against the adverse effects of stomach acid and various harmful substances.36 The extract of licorice root that is most often used by people with indigestion is known as deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL). Glycyrrhizin, which occurs naturally in licorice root, has cortisone-like effects and can cause high blood pressure, water retention, and other problems in some people. When the glycyrrhizin is removed to form DGL, the licorice root retains its beneficial effects against indigestion, while the risk of side effects is greatly reduced. The usual suggested amount of DGL is one or two chewable tablets (250-500 mg per tablet), chewed and swallowed 15 minutes before meals and one to two hours before bedtime.37 Although many research trials show that DGL is helpful for people with peptic ulcers, the use of DGL for heartburn and indigestion is based primarily on anecdotal information. The mucilage content in slippery elm appears to act as a barrier against the damaging effects of acid on the esophagus in people with heartburn. It may also have an anti-inflammatory effect locally in the stomach and intestines. Two or more tablets or capsules (typically 400-500 mg each) may be taken three to four times per day. Alternatively, a tea is made by boiling 1/2-2 grams of the bark in 200 ml of water for 10 to 15 minutes, which is then cooled before drinking; three to four cups a day can be used. Tincture (5 ml three times per day) may also be taken but is believed to be less helpful. Marshmallow and bladderwrack may be used the same way as slippery elm. People in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico have long used chaparral tea to help calm upset stomachs. It is unclear into which of the above categories-if any-chaparral fits. This strong tasting tea was used only in small amounts. Modern research has not confirmed the usefulness of chaparral for indigestion, and there are serious concerns about the safety of improper internal use of this herb. Before taking chaparral, consult with a knowledgeable healthcare professional. Are there any side effects or interactions? Refer to the individual herb for information about any side effects or interactions. References: 1. Wright JV. Dr. Wright's Guide to Healing with Nutrition. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, 1990, 155. 2. Murray MJ, Stein N. A gastric factor promoting iron absorption. Lancet 1968;1:614. 3. Sturniolo GC, Montino MC, Rossetto L, et al. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion reduces zinc absorption in man. J Am Coll Nutr 1991;10:372-5. 4. Allison JR. The relation of hydrochloric acid and vitamin B complex deficiency in certain skin conditions. South Med J 1945;38:235-41. 5. Russell RM, Krasinski SD, Samloff IM. Correction of impaired folic acid (Pte Glu) absorption by orally administered HCl in subjects with gastric atrophy. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39:656. 6. Mayron LW. Portals of entry: A review. Ann Allergy 1978;40:399-405. 7. Walker WA, Isselbacher KJ. Uptake and transport of macro-molecules by the intestine. Possible role in clinical disorders. Gastroenterology 1974;67:531-50. 8. Drasar BS, Shiner M, McLeod GM. Studies on the intestinal flora. I. The bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy and achlorhydric persons. Gastroenterology 1969;56:71-9. 9. Giannella RA. Influence of gastric acidity on bacterial and parasitic enteric infections. A perspective. Ann Intern Med 1973;78:271-6. 10. Wright JV. Dr. Wright's Guide to Healing with Nutrition. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, 1990, 33. 11. Suarez F, Levitt MD, Adshead J, Barkin JS. Pancreatic supplements reduce symptomatic response of healthy subjects to a high fat meal. Dig Dis Sci 1999;44:1317-21. 12. Schulz V, H„nsel R, Tyler VE. Rational Phytotherapy: A Physician's Guide to Herbal Medicine. 3rd ed, Berlin: Springer, 1998, 168-73. 13. Ritter R, Schatton WFH, et al. Clinical trial on standardized celandine extract in patients with functional epigastric complaints: Results of placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Comp Ther Med 1993;1:189-93. 14. Benninger J, Schneider HT, Schuppan D, et al. Acute hepatitis induced by greater celandine (Chelidonium majus). Gastroenterol 1999;117:1234-7. 15. Kraft K. Artichoke leaf extract--recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts. Phytomedicine 1997;4:370-8 [review]. 16. Kirchhoff R, Beckers C, Kirchhoff GM, et al. Increase in choleresis by means of artichoke extract. Phytomedicine 1994;1:107-15. 17. Westphal J, H”rning M, Leonhardt K. Phytotherapy in functional upper abdominal complaints. Results of a clinical study with a preparation of several plants. Phytomedicine 1996;2:285-91. 18. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council and Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 425-6. 19. Tewari JP, Srivastava MC, Bajpai JL. Pharmacologic studies of Achillea millefolium Linn. Indian J Med Sci 1994;28(8):331-6. 20. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, 2d ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996, 303. 21. Bradley PR. British Herbal Compendium, vol. 1. Great Britain: British Herbal Medicine Association, 1990, 218-9. 22. Forster HB, Niklas H, Lutz S. Antispasmodic effects of some medicinal plants. Planta Med 1980;40:303-19. 23. May B, Kuntz HD, Kieser M, Kohler S. Efficacy of a fixed peppermint/caraway oil combination in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46:1149-53. 24. Westphal J, H”rning M, Leonhardt K. Phytotherapy in functional upper abdominal complaints. Results of a clinical study with a preparation of several plants. Phytomedicine 1996;2:285-91. 25. Madisch A, Heydenreich CJ, Wieland V, et al. Treatment of functional dyspepsia with a fixed peppermint oil and caraway oil combination as compared to cisapride. Arzneimittelforschung 1999;49;925-32. 26. Fiegel VG, Hohensee F. Experimental and clinical screening of a dry, water extract of tiliae libri. Arzneimittelforschung 1963;13:222-5 [in German]. 27. Sadek HM. Treatment of hypertonic dyskinesias of Oddi's sphincter using a wild Tilia suspension. Hospital (Rio J) 1970;77:141-7 [in Portuguese]. 28. Langer M. Clinical observations on an antispastic factor extracted from Tiliae silvestris alburnum. Clin Ter 1963;25:438-44 [in Italian]. 29. Thamlikitkul V, Bunyapraphatsara N, Dechatiwongse T, et al. Randomized double blind study of Curcuma domestica Val for dyspepsia. J Med Assoc Thai 1989;72:613-20. 30. Mills SY. Out of the Earth: The Essential Book of Herbal Medicine. London: Viking Press, 1991, 448-51. 31. Weiss RF. Herbal Medicine. Beaconsfield, UK: Beaconsfield Publishers Ltd, 1985. 32. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council and Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 425-6. 33. Weiss RF. Herbal Medicine. Beaconsfield, UK: Beaconsfield Publishers Ltd, 1988, 185-6. 34. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council and Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 198. 35. Micklefield GH, Redeker Y, Meister V, et al. Effects of ginger on gastroduodenal motility. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;37:341-6. 36. Goso Y, Ogata Y, Ishihara K, Hotta K. Effects of traditional herbal medicine on gastric acid. Biochem Physiol 1996;113C:17-21. 37. Reed PI, Davies WA. Controlled trial of a carbenoxolone/alginate antacid combination in reflux oesophagitis. Curr Med Res Opin 1978;5:637-44. Source: NOW Foods View products