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Antibiotic

	Other Names
	Anti-Biotic, Anti Biotic. View products
	Antibiotic is the term used to describe any antibacterial agent derived from microorganisms, though most of them are now prepared synthetically. Such agents destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Examples are penicillin, cephalosporin, aminoglycosides, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered and used in the 1940s. The discovery and isolation in 1958 of the penicillin nucleus, 6-amino penicillanic acid (6-PNA) allowed many new penicillins to be synthesized. These are now the largest single group of antibiotics used in clinical medicine. Most staphylococci have now developed resistance to benzylpenicillin, the early form of the drug, because they produce penicillinases, enzymes which break down the drug. Other types of penicillin such as cloxacillin and flucoxacillin are not affected and are used against penicillin-resistant staphylococci. The cephalosporins are derived from the compound cephalosporin C which is obtained by fermentation of the mold cephalosporium. The cephalosporin nucleus 7 Amino cephalosporanic (7-ICA) acid has been the basis for the production of the semi-synthetic compounds of the cephalosporin nucleus. The first semi-synthetic cephalosporin, cephalothin, appeared in 1962; it was followed by cephaloridine in 1964. The original cephalosporins had to be given by injection but more recent preparations can be given by mouth. The newer preparations are less readily destroyed by beta lactamases and so they have a much broader spectrum of anti-bacterial activity. The newer cephalosporins include cephalexin, cefazolin, cephacetrile, cephapirin, cefamandole, cefuroxine, cephrodine, cefodroxil and cefotaxine. Inactivation of beta lactamase is the basis of bacterial resistance to both the penicillins and the cephalosporins so that attempts to prepare these antibiotics with resistance to beta lactamase is very important. A synthetic inhibitor of beta lactamase called clavulanic acid has recently been synthesized. This is used in combination with the penicillins and cephalosporins to prevent resistance. The cephamycins are a new addition to the beta lactam antibiotics. They are similar in structure to the cephalosporins but are produced, not by fungi, but by actinomycetes. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have resulted in many bacteria becoming resistant to them. Hospitals, in particular, have problems with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, mrsa. Combinations of antibiotics are needed to combat resistant strains of bacteria. View products

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Antibiotic (Read all about Antibiotic.)