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View only "Olive" in Health Herbs O Olive Leaf (Oleuropein)

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	Olive
	Olive Leaf, highly regarded in ancient times, is proving itself to be very effective today in supporting the body's natural defense systems. Extensive animal studies have clearly demonstrated the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties of this Mediterranean herb. Olive leaf seems perticularly well-suited to those with heart-related disorders and cardiovascular abnormalities. If the proven anti-arrhythmic and hypotensive properties, in animals, can achieve similar results in humans, then olive leaf will undoubtedly garner significant worldwide attention.

	Browse Sections:
	Summary Other Names Description Traditional Internal Uses Traditional Topical Uses Indications Actions Constituents / Nutrients		Pharmacological Summary Scientific Research / Actions Research Precautions / Contraindications Possible Side Effects Dosage Preparation References

	Common Name
	Olive
	Botanical Latin Name / Classification
	Olea europaea
	Parts Used
	Leaves, fruit, oil
	Other Names
	Olea Oleaster, Olea lancifolia, Olea gallica, Olivier, Olive, Olive Tree Leaf. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Description
	Olea europaea, or the olive tree, is a small ever green tree, averaging 20 feet or more in height and exhibiting a large hemispherical canopy of leaves. The tree is native to Asia Minor and Syria, but is cultivated in several Mediterranean countries, Chile, Peru, and South Australia. The branches of the olive tree produce smooth-edged, narrow leaves about two to three inches long, pale green above and silvery green below. The bark is a pale gray color, while the abundant blooms are creamy white in color. The fruit is 3/4 inches long, on average, oval in shape, and dark purple in color. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Traditional Internal Uses
	Olive trees have been in existence for hundreds of years. It is believed that in ancient times, the olive tree was held in such high regard that Moses exempted from military service those who were willing to contribute to its propagation. The tree has long represented a symbol of peace and happiness in both classical writings and biblical scripture. It has sustained an aura of importance and distinction for centuries. In ancient Greece, olive oil fueled the olympic torches while the victors of the games were proudly crowned with a wreath made from its leaves. Historically, it was thought to be the bitter qualities of the leaf that was the reason for its effectivenes in treating fevers, malaria, and various skin conditions. Additional health conditions it was thought to address included muscular disorders, joint, kidney and chest complaints, as well as abdominal chill, typhoid and scarlet fevers, plague and dropsies. It wasn't until the early 1960s that laboratory experiments on animals revealed that olive leaf could lower blood pressure. Following that, a series of animal and in vitro studies have taken place demonstrating the potential of olive leaf primarily for conditions related to the immune and cardiovascular systems. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Traditional Topical Uses
	Externally, the oil of olive leaf relieves rashes and skin eruptions, the effects of stings or burns, and is a good vehicle for liniments. Combined with alcohol it is thought to be a good hair-tonic imparting a natural, non-greasy looking sheen and maintaining a healthy scalp. As a lubricant it is valuable in skin, muscular, joint, kidney and chest complaints, or abdominal chills and fevers. While the nourishing properties are absorbed through the skin to benefit the body, internally, babies better absorb the oil and can benefit more from a topical application. Unofficial topical use of olive leaf oil include gallstones and parasitic infections or worms. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Indications
	Secondary Indications: Swelling / Inflammation, Skin Itch Other Indications: Abdominal Pain, Fatigue, Fever, Joint Pain Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Actions
	Anti-Arrhythmic, Antibacterial, Anticholesterolemic, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antipruritic, Antispasmodic, Bile Flow / Bile Duct / Bile Stimulant, Cardioprotective, Demulcent, Diuretic, Emollient, Immunoactive / Immunomodulatory / Immunostimulative, Laxative, Nutritive, Stimulant Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Constituents / Nutrients
	Olive leaf extract contains the following flavonoids: apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol, hesperidin, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol. Olive leaves contain around 60-90 mg per gram (dry weight) oleuropein,1 plus significant levels of a glucosidic ester of elenolic acid and hydroxytyrosol (3,4-dihydrophenylethanol). However, it turns out that oleuropein and the products of its hydrolysis, oleuropein aglycone, elenolic acid, beta-3,4-dihydroxyphenyethyl alcohol and methyl-o-methyl elenolate,2 are the major molecules of interest biologically. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Pharmacological Summary
	Olive leaf extracts have a long history of medicinal use in conditions ranging from fevers to skin conditions. Modern research has confirmed its antibacterial and antiviral actions, and it is clear that there is a direct connection between olive oil and the reduced risk of coronary heart disease. Further evidence, within the confines of animal and laboratory studies, demonstrates additional health benefits associated with hypertension, high cholesterol, and other antioxidant benefits. The primary active compound, oleuropein, and its biproducts, have proven to be safe for the recommended human supplementation, as determined by extensive animal studies. Human clinical trial are limited, but positive nonetheless. Unofficial and anecdotal reports have revealed impressive claims (related to cancer, leukemia, etc.), however, more regulated human trials are necessary to confirm the efficacy of olive leaf where serious, life-threatening diseases are concerned. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Scientific Research and Pharmacologicial Actions
	Antibacterial: Olive leaf, specifically the active compound called oleuropein, has demonstrated antibacterial actions in vitro. Isolated compounds of olive leaf extract were shown to inhibit the germination and sporulation of a dozen forms of bacteria. Anti-Viral: Elenolic acid, a compound within olive leaf extract, was found to kill a range of viruses in vitro including herpes and influenza. Cardiovascular: Olea europea-derived compounds exhibited antioxidant, anti-arrhythmic, and hypertensive properties in cats, dogs, and rabbits. The pharmacological mechanisms by which these actions are carried out remain unclear. Antioxidant: Research shows that natural antioxidants present in a diet play a part in the prevention of atherosclerosis and managing healthy, normal cholesterol levels. Recent in vitro studies have revealed that compounds within olive leaf extract inhibited the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL). Anti-HIV activity of olive leaf extract and modulation of host cell gene expression by HIV-1 infection and olive leaf extract treatment. Lee-Huang S. ew York University School of Medicine, New York Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Aug 8;307(4):1029-37. We investigated the antiviral activity of olive leaf extract preparations standardized by liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) against HIV-1 infection and replication. We find that olive leaf extract inhibits acute infection and cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 as assayed by syncytia formation using uninfected MT2 cells co-cultured with HIV-1-infected H9 T lymphocytes. olive leaf extract also inhibits HIV-1 replication as assayed by p24 expression in infected H9 cells. These anti-HIV effects of olive leaf extract are dose dependent, with EC(50)s of around 0.2 microg/ml. In the effective dose range, no cytotoxicity on uninfected target cells was detected. The therapeutic index of olive leaf extract is above 5000. To identify viral and host targets for olive leaf extract, we characterized gene expression profiles associated with HIV-1 infection and olive leaf extract treatment using cDNA microarrays. HIV-1 infection modulates the expression patterns of cellular genes involved in apoptosis, stress, cytokine, protein kinase C, and hedgehog signaling. HIV-1 infection up-regulates the expression of the heat-shock proteins hsp27 and hsp90, the DNA damage inducible transcript 1 gadd45, the p53-binding protein mdm2, and the hedgehog signal protein patched 1, while it down-regulates the expression of the anti-apoptotic BCL2-associated X protein Bax. Treatment with olive leaf extract reverses many of these HIV-1 infection-associated changes. Treatment of HIV-1-infected cells with olive leaf extract also up-regulates the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor proteins IAP1 and 2, as well as the calcium and protein kinase C pathway signaling molecules IL-2, IL-2Ralpha, and ornithine decarboxylase ODC1. Clinical Studies A limited number of open (uncontrolled) clinical studies have been or are being conducted with Eden Extract or an earlier version of the product, Viliv, although results from these studies have not yet been published by the respective investigators. In 1993, a preliminary study was carried out by investigators at the NFN Company, Los Angeles, California, USA.3 Six subjects with herpes simplex II (and possibly I) infection, previously diagnosed by a physician, were treated with 2-4 oz of Viliv (a wine-based tincture containing concentrated olive leaf extract) orally every 6 hours for 6 weeks. Three subjects reported complete remission of lesions and associated pain/discomfort after 36-48 hours, and a fourth reported relief of pain after a further 48 hours. The other two subjects reported relief of pain/discomfort over the course of the study. There was a trend towards reduced blood levels of antibodies after 2-3 weeks of treatment, but the number of samples was too few to give a definitive conclusion. A clinical study involving the use of Eden Extract is reported to be underway at The "R" Clinic, Budapest, Hungary,48 which employs innovative medical alternatives to help provide improved healthcare for Hungarian citizens. The medical director, Dr. Robert Lyons, along with 40 physicians from the US, has already treated 500 patients with Eden Extract. Patients initially took two capsules (each containing 500 mg of concentrated olive leaf extract) three times daily, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, and the dose was reduced to one capsule four times daily if their disease symptoms improved. According to US medical journalist Morton Walker,4 who has corresponded with Dr. Lyons in regard to this study, 157 out of 164 patients with respiratory diseases or lung conditions (tonsillitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, bronchitis) recovered fully and six improved (one patient was unaccounted for in the article); 60 out of 67 patients with dental problems (pulpitis, leukoplakia, stomatitis) fully recovered, five improved and two remained unchanged; 150 out of 209 patients with viral or bacterial skin infections fully recovered and 59 improved; all 17 patients with gastric ulcer and Helicobacter pylori infection improved, though none recovered fully; and 40 out of 43 patients with impaired immunity showed improved immune status (details of how this was assessed were not given) while three remained unchanged. It is unclear how long patients were continued on treatment, but some appear to have responded within a matter of a few days or weeks. A further clinical study, investigating the efficacy of olive leaf extract in the treatment of malaria, is reported to be underway in Taiwan under the direction of Dr. Bernard Friedlander, a chiropractor from San Mateo, California, USA.5 Results from this study, however, are not yet available. Clinical Anecdotes and Individual Cases Other than from the above-mentioned clinical studies, indications of clinical efficacy of Eden ExtractT come from consumers' letters sent directly to the manufacturer (East Park Research, Inc., Henderson, Nevada, USA) or indirectly via health practitioners (including physicians, chiropractors and nutritionists); and case reports or clinical anecdotes provided by a number of US health practitioners who have prescribed Eden Extract to their patients and observed beneficial effects. General practitioner Dr. James Privitera, M.D., of Covina, California, appears to have had the most extensive clinical experience with use of the olive leaf extract, which has been available in the US since 1995. He has reportedly observed the following benefits: relief of arthritic inflammations; reduction of insulin dosages in diabetics; elimination of the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome; increased energy/stamina; improved blood flow in cardiovascular disorders; lessening of haemorrhoid pain; attenuation of toothaches; elimination of fungal infections such as onychomycosis and tinea pedis; prevention or cure of numerous viral infections; relief of many of the symptoms of Candida albicans and other yeast infections; and elimination of a variety of parasites including protozoa and helminth worms.4 Other case reports or anecdotes mention the following benefits with Eden ExtractT: probable prevention and successful treatment of herpes genitalis (herpes simplex II);4,5 improved symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, prostate cancer and some other cancers, and skin conditions; improvement in chronic fatigue syndrome; improvement of sore throats, coughs, colds, and chronic sinusitis;49 improvement of tinea (pityriasis) versicolor, psoriasis, persistent respiratory infection, and chronic scalp infection;6 relief from the pain of shingles (herpes zoster infection); elimination of the "yeast syndrome" / Candida albicans infection; and restoration of immune function in a severely immune-depressed patient with multiple long-term allergies and opportunistic infections.4 Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Research
	"Olive Leaf: New Weapon Against Colds?" "Olive Leaf: The New/Old Antimicrobial" Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Precautions / Contraindications
	Olive leaf can be irritating to the stomach lining and should be taken with meals. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Interaction with Medications
	None documented. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Possible Side Effects
	The only reported side effects include very mild, short-term allergic- or flu-like symptoms such as headache, fever, fatigue, muscle/joint aches, and diarrhea.6 If these symptoms present themselves, it is advised to refrain from any further use or evaluate dosage and lower accordingly. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Dosage
	The effective amount of olive leaf for human use is not established. Dried Extracts: Dried leaf extracts containing 6-15% oleuropein are available commercially, but no standard amount has been established. Olive leaf capsules are generally available in strengths that range from 200 to 800 mg. Within herbal blends, quantities of olive leaf are significantly smaller. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	Preparation
	To make a tea, steep 1 teaspoon (5 grams) of dried leaves in 1 cup (250mL) of hot water for 10-15 minutes. Browse Sections \| View Olive products
	References
	1. Le Tutour B, Guedon D. Antioxidative activities of Olea europaea leaves and related phenolic compounds. Phytochem 31 (4), 1173-1178, 1992. 2. Fleming HP, Walter WM, Etchells JL. Antimicrobial properties of oleuropein and products of its hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol 26 (5), 777-782, 1973. 3. The NFN Company, Los Angeles, California, USA. A preliminary study of the efficacy of Viliv in treatment of herpetic infection. Phoenix, Arizona, April 1993 (unpublished document supplied by the UK distributor of Eden ExtractT, Tigon Ltd, Loughborough, England). 4. Walker M. Olive leaf extract. The new oral treatment to counteract most types of pathological organisms. Explore! Volume 7, Number 4, 1996. Explore? Publications, PO Box 1508, Mt Vernon, WA 98273, USA. 5. Walker M. Antimicrobial attributes of olive leaf extract. Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients, July 1996, pp 80-85. 6. Letters received from consumers by East Park Research, Inc., Hendersen, Nevada, USA, August 1995 - March 1996. Our thanks to the following information resources: Positivehealth.com, Raysahelian.com, Viable-herbal.com, Vitacost.com, and Botanical.com. Browse Sections \| View Olive products