| | | | Other Names | | | Dysentery, Enteritis, Loose Bowels, The Runs.
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| | | Diarrhea or looseness of the bowels is increased frequency,
fluidity or volume of bowel movements as compared to the person's
customary pattern of bowel movements. Most people have occasional attacks
of acute diarrhea, usually caused by contaminated food or water. Such
attacks normally clear up within a day or two, whether or not they are
treated. Chronic diarrhea, on the other hand, may be the result of a
serious intestinal disorder or of more general disease.
The
commonest cause of acute diarrhea is food poisoning, the organisms
involved usually being staphylococcus, clostridium bacteria,
salmonella or campylobacter. A person may also acquire
infective diarrhea because of droplet infections from adenoviruses or
echoviruses. Interference with the bacterial flora of the intestine may
cause acute diarrhea: this often happens to someone who travels to another
country and acquires unfamiliar intestinal bacteria. Other infections
include bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fevers. Drug
toxicity, food allergies, food intolerance and anxiety may also cause
acute diarrhea, and habitual constipation may result in attacks of
diarrhea.
Any attack of frequent, watery stools is called diarrhea.
It can be triggered by many different conditions.
Acute diarrhea is
often caused by an infection and may require medical management. The
primary role of nutrition in acute diarrhea is to prevent depletion of
fluid, sodium, potassium, and calories. Replenishment of all four has been
achieved with "rehydration solutions" and with a variety of foods, from
salted carrot soup to peeled scraped apple to rice gruel. However, the
need for rehydration requires direct medical supervision. Therefore,
nutritional approaches to overcoming depletion of fluid, sodium,
potassium, and calories are not discussed here, but rather should be
discussed with a doctor. Diarrhea-induced low blood sugar, dehydration, or
electrolyte imbalance can be serious or even life-threatening,
particularly if prolonged in children.
A healthcare provider should
be consulted if diarrhea continues for more than a few days, as it may
indicate a more serious health condition. Diarrhea alternating with
constipation may be a sign of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
What
are the symptoms of diarrhea? Normal bowel habits vary considerably from
person to person depending on age, diet, cultural factors, and individual
physiology. However, loose watery stools occurring three or more times in
one day is generally considered abnormal. In some instances, diarrhea may
be accompanied by cramping abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, loss
of appetite, and bloody or foul-smelling stools.
Conventional
treatment options: Rest and fluid replacement (sometimes with the use of
oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyter, Ceralyter, or Infalyter)
are often recommended. Severe diarrhea, especially in children and the
elderly, may require hospitalization for urgent fluid and electrolyte
replacement to correct dehydration. Medicines to stop diarrhea, such as
loperamide (Imodium), bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol), attapulgite
(Kaopectate), diphenoxylate (Lomotil, Lonox, Motofen), and opiates
(codeine, paregoric) may be prescribed in some cases.
Dietary
changes that may be helpful: Some foods contain sugars that are absorbed
slowly, such as fructose in fruit juice or sorbitol in dietetic
confectionery. Through a process called osmosis, these unabsorbed sugars
hold onto water in the intestines, sometimes leading to diarrhea.1 By
reading labels, people with chronic non-infectious diarrhea can easily
avoid fruit juice, fructose, and sorbitol to see if this eliminates the
problem.
People who are lactose intolerant-meaning they lack the
enzyme needed to digest milk sugar-often develop diarrhea after consuming
milk or ice cream. People whose lactose intolerance is the cause of
diarrhea will rid themselves of the problem by avoiding milk and ice cream
or in many cases by taking lactase, the enzyme needed to digest lactose.
Lactase is available in a variety of forms in pharmacies (and in grocery
stores in the form of lactase-treated milk).
Large amounts of
vitamin C or magnesium found in supplements can also cause diarrhea,
although the amount varies considerably from person to person. Unlike
infectious diarrhea, diarrhea caused by high amounts of vitamin C or
magnesium is not generally accompanied by other signs of illness. The same
is true when the problem comes from sorbitol or fructose.2 In these cases,
avoiding the offending supplement or food brings rapid
relief.
Drinking several cups of coffee per day causes diarrhea in
some people.3 People with chronic diarrhea who drink coffee should avoid
all coffee for a few days to evaluate whether coffee is the
culprit.
Allergies and food sensitivities are common triggers for
diarrhea.4 For example, some infants suffer diarrhea when fed cow's
milk-based formula but improve when switched to soy-based formula.5 People
with chronic diarrhea not attributable to other causes should discuss the
possibility of food sensitivity with a doctor.
Some doctors
recommend a diet called the BRAT diet for acute bouts of diarrhea. BRAT
stands for bananas, rice, apples and toast. These foods are mild,
well-tolerated and good sources of fiber, potassium and other nutrients
that may be helpful in diarrhea. The efficacy of this diet has not been
evaluated in clinical trials.
Nutritional supplements that may be
helpful: An organism related to brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii
(Sb), is widely used in Europe to prevent antibiotic-induced diarrhea. It
is also available as a supplement in the United States. Animal research
with Sb shows interference with Clostridium difficile, a common bacterial
cause of diarrhea.6 In double-blind trials, Sb has prevented
antibiotic-induced7 and other forms of infectious diarrhea.8 An intake of
500 mg four times per day has been used in some of this research. Sb has
also helped tourists prevent traveler's diarrhea, according to
double-blind research.9 In one trial, positive results were obtained at
amounts as low as 150-450 mg per day.10 Even diarrhea caused by Crohn's
disease has partially responded to Sb supplementation in double-blind
research.11 While not every trial shows efficacy,12 the preponderance of
evidence clearly supports the use of Sb in people with diarrhea caused by
antibiotics or infection. Seriously ill patients should consult with their
doctor before supplementing with Sb, as rare but serious cases of
infection caused by Sb in such patients has been
reported.13
Beneficial bacteria, such as lactobacilli and
bifidobacteria, normally live in a healthy colon, where they inhibit the
over-growth of disease-causing bacteria.14 Diarrhea flushes intestinal
microorganisms out of the digestive tract, leaving the body vulnerable to
opportunistic infections. Replenishing with acidophilus and other
beneficial probiotic bacteria can help resolve the diarrhea and prevent
new infections.15 The effective amount of probiotic bacteria depends on
the strain used, as well as the concentration of viable
organisms.
The combination of bifidobacteria and Strep thermophilus
(found in certain yogurts) dramatically reduces the incidence of acute
diarrhea in hospitalized children.16 Active-culture yogurt, milk fermented
with Lactobacillus casei and other sources of probiotic bacteria may
prevent antibiotic-induced diarrhea.17 18 19
As mentioned in the
dietary changes section above, if lactose intolerance is the cause of
diarrhea, supplemental use of lactase prior to consuming milk or
milk-containing products can be helpful.20 Cheese rarely has enough
lactose to cause symptoms in lactose-intolerant people. Lactase products
are available that can be chewed while drinking milk or added to milk
directly.
The malabsorption problems that develop during diarrhea
can lead to deficiencies of many vitamins and minerals.21 For this reason,
it makes sense for people with diarrhea to take a multivitamin-mineral
supplement. Two of the nutrients that may not be absorbed efficiently as a
result of diarrhea are zinc and vitamin A, both needed to fight
infections. In third world countries, supplementation with zinc and
vitamin A has led to a reduction in, or prevention of, infectious diarrhea
in children.22 Whether such supplementation would help people in better
nourished populations remains unclear.
Brewer's yeast
supplementation has been shown to alter immune function and the flora
living in the intestine, and may relieve infectious diarrhea. Three
capsules or tablets of brewer's yeast three times per day for two weeks
was reported to improve three cases of infectious diarrhea caused by
Clostridium difficile.23 Animal research has confirmed that brewer's yeast
helps fight this unfriendly bacterium.24 (Note that real brewer's yeast is
not identical to nutritional, or torula, yeast and that when asking for
"brewer's yeast" in health food stores, people are often directed toward
these other products. Real brewer's yeast is bitter, whereas other health
food store yeasts have a more pleasant taste.)
Colostrum might be
useful for certain types of infectious diarrhea. In a double-blind trial,
children with diarrhea caused by a rotavirus were treated with
immunoglobulins extracted from colostrum derived from cows immunized with
rotavirus. Compared with the placebo, colostrum extract significantly
reduced the amount of diarrhea and the amount of oral rehydration solution
required. The rotavirus was eliminated from the stool significantly more
rapidly in the colostrum group than in the placebo group (1.5 days, vs.
2.9 days).25
In addition to a positive effect against acute
rotavirus diarrhea,26 there is also evidence that specific forms of
colostrum (derived from specially immunized cows or those with confirmed
presence of specific antibodies) are effective against diarrhea caused by
Cryptosporidium parvum, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, and
Clostridium difficile.27 28 29 30 31 However, it is not known whether
commercially-available colostrum provides significant amounts of the
specific immunoglobulins that are active against these organisms.
Furthermore, unless the immunoglobulins are present in high enough
concentrations, the preparation is not likely to be
effective.32
Acute diarrhea can damage the lining of the intestine.
Folic acid can help repair this damage. In one preliminary trial,
supplementing with very large amounts of folic acid (5 mg three times per
day for several days) shortened the duration of acute infectious diarrhea
by 42%.33 However, a double-blind trial failed to show any positive effect
with the same level of folic acid.34 Therefore, evidence that high levels
of folic acid supplementation will help people with infectious diarrhea
remains weak.
It is known vitamin A supplements support immune
function and prevent infections. This is true, however, only under some
circumstances. Vitamin A supplementation can also increase the risk of
infections, according to the findings of a double-blind trial.35 In a
study of African children between six months and five years old, a 44%
reduction in the risk of severe diarrhea was seen in those children given
four 100,000-200,000 IU supplements of vitamin A (the lower amount for
those less than a year old) during an eight-month period. On further
investigation, the researchers discovered that the reduction in diarrhea
occurred only in children who were very malnourished. For children who
were not starving, vitamin A supplementation actually increased the risk
of diarrhea compared with the placebo group. The vitamin A-supplemented
children also had a 67% increased risk of coughing and rapid breathing,
and signs of further lung infection, although this problem did not appear
in children infected with the AIDS virus. These findings should be of
concern to American parents, whose children are not usually infected with
HIV or severely malnourished. Such relatively healthy children fared
poorly in the African trial in terms of both the risk of diarrhea and the
risk of continued lung problems. Vitamin A provided no benefit to the
well-nourished kids. Therefore, it makes sense not to give vitamin A
supplements to children unless there is a special reason to do so, such as
the presence of a condition causing malabsorption (e.g., celiac
disease).
Are there any side effects or interactions? Refer to the
individual supplement for information about any side effects or
interactions.
Herbs that may be helpful: The following
recommendations are for milder forms of diarrhea. For more serious cases
of diarrhea, proper medical evaluation and monitoring should occur before
taking any herbal supplements.
An extract from stem bark latex of
Sangre de drago (Croton lechleri), an herb from the Amazon basin of Peru,
has demonstrated significant anti-diarrheal activity in preliminary36 37
and double-blind trials. Double-blind research has demonstrated the
extract's effectiveness for traveler's diarrhea,38 non-specific
diarrhea,39 and diarrhea associated with HIV infection and AIDS.40 41 For
traveler's diarrhea and nonspecific diarrhea, amounts ranging from 125 mg
to 500 mg taken four times daily for two days have proven effective.
However, in one trial, only the 125 mg four times daily amount (but not
higher amounts) was effective for acute nonspecific diarrhea.42 The
reasons for the failure of higher amounts in this study is not known. Very
high amounts of these extracts (350-700 mg four times daily for seven or
more days) were used in the trials involving people with HIV and AIDS.
Such levels of supplementation should always be supervised by a doctor.
Most of this research on Sangre de Drago is unpublished, and much of it is
derived from manufacturers of the formula. Further double-blind trials,
published in medical journals, are needed to confirm the efficacy reported
in these studies.
Carob is rich in tannins that have an astringent
or binding effect on the mucous membranes of the intestinal tract. A
double-blind trial has suggested it may be particularly useful for young
children and infants with diarrhea.43 Some healthcare professionals
recommend 15 grams of carob powder is mixed with applesauce (for flavor)
when given to children. Carob can also be used for treating adult
diarrhea.
While fiber from dietary or herbal sources is often
useful for constipation, it may also play a role in alleviating diarrhea.
For example, 9-30 grams per day of psyllium seed (an excellent source of
fiber) makes stool more solid and can help resolve symptoms of
non-infectious diarrhea.44 Alginic acid, one of the major constituents in
bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus), is a type of dietary fiber and as a
result may potentially help relieve diarrhea. However, human studies have
not been done on how effective bladderwrack is for this
condition.
Other astringent herbs traditionally used for diarrhea
include blackberry leaves, blackberry root bark, blueberry leaves, and red
raspberry leaves.45 Raspberry leaves are high in tannins and, like
blackberry, may relieve acute diarrhea. A close cousin of the blueberry,
bilberry, has been used traditionally in Germany for adults and children
with diarrhea.46 Only dried berries or juice should be used-fresh berries
may worsen diarrhea.
Cranesbill has been used by several of the
indigenous tribes of North America to treat diarrhea. The tannins in
cranesbill likely account for the anti-diarrheal activity47 -although
there has been little scientific research to clarify cranesbill's
constituents and actions.
In laboratory experiments, a tannin in
oak, known as ellagitannin, inhibited intestinal secretion,48 which may
help resolve diarrhea. Oak is well regarded in Germany, where it is
recommended (along with plenty of electrolyte-containing fluids) to treat
mild, acute diarrhea in children.49
Due to of its supposed
antimicrobial activity, goldenseal has a long history of use for
infectious diarrhea. Its major alkaloid, berberine (also found in barberry
and Oregon grape), has been shown to improve infectious diarrhea in some
double-blind trials.50 Negative studies have generally focused on people
with cholera, while positive studies investigated viral diarrhea or
diarrhea due to strains of E. coli. These studies generally used 400-500
mg berberine one to three times per day. Because of the low amount of
berberine in most goldenseal products, it is unclear how effective the
whole root or root extracts would be in treating
diarrhea.
Chamomile may reduce intestinal cramping and ease the
irritation and inflammation associated with diarrhea, according to test
tube studies.51 Chamomile is typically taken as a tea. Many doctors
recommend dissolving 2-3 grams of powdered chamomile or adding 3-5 ml of a
chamomile liquid extract to hot water and drinking it three or more times
per day, between meals. Two to three teaspoons (10-15 grams) of the dried
flowers can be steeped in a cup of hot water, covered, for ten to fifteen
minutes as well.
Tylophora has been used traditionally in the
Ayurvedic system for diarrhea probably due to its anti-inflammatory and
antimicrobial actions, although human studies have not confirmed this
use.
Herbs high in mucilage, such as marshmallow or slippery elm,
may help reduce the irritation to the walls of the intestinal tract that
can occur with diarrhea. A usual amount taken is 1,000 mg of marshmallow
extract, capsules, or tablets three times per day. Marshmallow may also be
taken as a tincture in the amount of 5-15 ml three times
daily.
Sweet annie has been used traditionally to treat infectious
diarrhea and malaria. However, more modern studies have used the isolated
constituent artemisinin and it is unclear how effective the herb is in
managing diarrhea.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Refer to the individual herb for information about any side effects or
interactions.
Other integrative approaches that may be helpful:
Acupuncture may be useful for the treatment of diarrhea, particularly in
infants. A preliminary study of acupuncture treatment in 1,050 cases of
infantile diarrhea found 95% were relieved with one to three treatments.52
Similar results have been reported in other preliminary trials53 54 and
case reports.55 56 A controlled trial of acupuncture for the treatment of
infantile diarrhea compared scalp acupuncture or traditional body
acupuncture with drug therapy, primarily antibiotics. The cure rate for
scalp and body acupuncture was significantly higher (90% and 89%) than
that of drug treatment (46%).57
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JS, Etienne NL, Leichtner AM, Theuer RC. Carbohydrate malabsorption
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Werbach MR. Nutritional influences on Illness, 2d ed. Tarzana, CA: Third
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Schellenberg D, Bonington A, Champion C, et al. Treatment of Clostridium
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24. Izadnia F, Wong CT, Kocoshis SA. Brewer's yeast and
Saccharomyces boulardii both attenuate Clostridium difficile-induced
colonic secretion in the rat. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:2055-60.
25.
Sarker SA, Casswall TH, Mahalanabis D, et al. Successful treatment of
rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunized bovine
colostrum. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:1149-54.
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Mahalanabis D, Ashraf H, et al. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces
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Greenberg PD, Cello JP. Treatment of severe diarrhea caused by
Cryptosporidium parvum with oral bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in
patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol
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with oral immunoglobulins from hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Aliment
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30. Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, Busch
DH, et al. Bovine colostrum ameliorates diarrhea in infection with
diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, and E. coli
expressing intimin and hemolysin. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr
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33. Haffejee IE. Effect of oral
folate on duration of acute infantile diarrhoea. Lancet 1988;2:334-5
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35. Fawzi WW, Mbise R, Spiegelman D, et al. Vitamin
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Koch J, Tuveson J, Carlson T, Schmidt J. SB-300: a new and effective
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37. DuPont HL, Tidmarsh G.
An open label pilot study to investigate the safety and effectiveness of
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Dicesare D, DuPont HL, Mathewson JJ, et al. A double-blind, randomized,
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administration of 125 mg, 250 mg, or 500 mg of SP-303 given every 6 hours
for 48 hours. South San Francisco, CA: Shaman Pharmaceuticals, 1998,
unpublished.
40. Holodniy M, Koch J, Mistal M, et al. A double
blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase II study to assess the safety
and efficacy of orally administered SP-303 for the symptomatic treatment
of diarrhea in patients with AIDS. Am J Gastroenterol
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41. Koch J. A phase III, double-blind, randomized,
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42. Ettedgui G, Schael IP, Porter S, Pennington J. A
double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-dose, phase II study
to assess the safety and efficacy of SP-303 in the symptomatic treatment
of acute diarrhea among adult residents of Venezuela: oral administration
of 125 mg, 250 mg, or 500 mg of SP-303 given every 6 hours for 48 hours.
South San Francisco, CA: Shaman Pharmaceuticals, 1998,
unpublished.
43. Loeb H, Vandenplas Y, Wursch P, Guesry P.
Tannin-rich pod for treatment of acute-onset diarrhea. J Pediatr
Gastroenterol Nutr 1989;8:480-5.
44. Eherer AH, Porter J, Fordtran
JS. Effect of psyllium, calcium polycarbophil, and wheat bran on secretory
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45. Tyler VE. Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic
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51. Achterrath-Tuckerman U, Kunde R, et al.
Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile. V.
Investigations on the spasmolytic effect of compounds of chamomile and
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1980;39:38-50.
52. Su Z. Acupuncture treatment of infantile
diarrhea: a report of 1050 cases. J Tradit Chin Med
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53. Feng WL. Acupuncture treatment for 30 cases of
infantile chronic diarrhea. J Tradit Chin Med 1989;9:106-7.
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YC. Observation of therapeutic effects of acupuncture treatment in 170
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Cao Y. Personal experience on acupuncture treatment of diarrhea. J Tradit
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Please Note: This Traditional Use information is provided as a courtesy only. The products indicated above may be listed in error. This information is based on Traditional and Folklore Medicine which uses natural materials to support health. This information has not been evaluated or approved by the FDA and is not based on scientific evidence from any source. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease. If conditions persist, please seek advice from your medical doctor.
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Diarrhea (Diarrhoea) - Health - Thyme White Pure Essential Oil
0.50 oz / 14 g
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Diarrhea (Diarrhoea) - Health - Thyme White Pure Essential Oil
1.70 oz / 48 g
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Diarrhea (Diarrhoea) - Health - Thyme White Pure Essential Oil
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Diarrhea (Diarrhoea) - Health - Thyme, White - Essential Oil
0.50 oz / 14 g
20.02 US
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Diarrhea (Diarrhoea) - Health - Thyme, Red - Essential Oil
0.50 oz / 14 g
23.79 US
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