| | | | Other Names | | | Anti-Biotic, Anti Biotic.
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| | | Antibiotic is the term used to describe any antibacterial agent
derived from microorganisms, though most of them are now prepared
synthetically. Such agents destroy or inhibit the growth of other
microorganisms. Examples are penicillin, cephalosporin, aminoglycosides,
streptomycin, and tetracycline.
Penicillin was the first antibiotic
to be discovered and used in the 1940s. The discovery and isolation in
1958 of the penicillin nucleus, 6-amino penicillanic acid (6-PNA) allowed
many new penicillins to be synthesized. These are now the largest single
group of antibiotics used in clinical medicine. Most staphylococci have
now developed resistance to benzylpenicillin, the early form of the drug,
because they produce penicillinases, enzymes which break down the drug.
Other types of penicillin such as cloxacillin and flucoxacillin are not
affected and are used against penicillin-resistant staphylococci.
The cephalosporins are derived from the compound cephalosporin C
which is obtained by fermentation of the mold cephalosporium. The
cephalosporin nucleus 7 Amino cephalosporanic (7-ICA) acid has been the
basis for the production of the semi-synthetic compounds of the
cephalosporin nucleus. The first semi-synthetic cephalosporin,
cephalothin, appeared in 1962; it was followed by cephaloridine in 1964.
The original cephalosporins had to be given by injection but more recent
preparations can be given by mouth. The newer preparations are less
readily destroyed by beta lactamases and so they have a much broader
spectrum of anti-bacterial activity. The newer cephalosporins include
cephalexin, cefazolin, cephacetrile, cephapirin, cefamandole, cefuroxine,
cephrodine, cefodroxil and cefotaxine. Inactivation of beta lactamase is
the basis of bacterial resistance to both the penicillins and the
cephalosporins so that attempts to prepare these antibiotics with
resistance to beta lactamase is very important. A synthetic inhibitor of
beta lactamase called clavulanic acid has recently been synthesized. This
is used in combination with the penicillins and cephalosporins to prevent
resistance. The cephamycins are a new addition to the beta lactam
antibiotics. They are similar in structure to the cephalosporins but are
produced, not by fungi, but by actinomycetes.
Overuse and misuse of
antibiotics have resulted in many bacteria becoming resistant to them.
Hospitals, in particular, have problems with methicillin-resistant
staphylococcus aureus, mrsa. Combinations of antibiotics are
needed to combat resistant strains of bacteria.
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Antibiotic - Health - Echinacea Goldenseal - 450 mg
60 capsules
14.08 US
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Antibiotic - Health - Goldenseal Root - 450 mg
60 capsules
18.79 US
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Antibiotic - Health - Echinacea Goldenseal Extract - 500 mg
60 softgels
18.79 US
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Antibiotic - Health - Goldenseal Root Extract
2 fl oz / 59 mL
21.91 US
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Antibiotic - Health - Goldenseal Root - 500 mg
50 capsules
16.91 US
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Antibiotic - Health - Goldenseal Root - 450 mg
100 capsules
50.84 US
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