| | | |
Bilberry | | |
The fruits of the small perennial shrub, the bilberry, are very similar to
the blueberry bush of North America. Commonly referred to as the
"European blueberry", the bilberry has been used since
prehistoric times for a wide variety of health complaints. Studies on
animals and in vitro provide evidence for anti-bacterial,
anti-ulcer, and anti-spasmodic properties, among several therapeutic
actions tested and confirmed. Human trials, although more limited, suggest
that bilberry may improve night vision, cataracts, and other eye-related
disorders in test subjects. Further controlled testing is required, but
results so far are very promising.
| |
| Common Name | | | Bilberry
| | | Botanical Latin Name / Classification | | | Vaccinium myrtillus
| | | Parts Used | | | Fruit (berries) and leaves.
| | | Other Names | | | Blueberry, Bogberry, Huckleberry, Whortleberry, Myrtilus niger Gilib.,
Vaccinium angulosum Dulac, Vaccinium montanum Salis.
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| | | Description | | | Bilberry is a short, shrubby perennial plant that inhabits the woods and
forest meadows of Europe, western Asia, and the Rocky Mountains of North
America. As with many other plants that belong to the same plant family
(Vaccinium), bilberry bears edible fruits similar to those found on the
American blueberry bush. Cranberries and huckleberry belong to this plant
family too.
The bilberry's blue-black berry, which is creamy white
inside, has been valued as a food since prehistoric times. Commonly
referred to as "European blueberry," it is famed as a filling
for pies, and for use in cobblers, jams, and other recipes.
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| | | Traditional Internal Uses | | | For at least one thousand years, European herbalists have also recommended
the plant's fruits and leaves for medicinal purposes, treating a variety
of complaints with a strong, boiled tea made from the plant. Urinary tract
infections, kidney stones, and diarrhea are just a few of the ailments for
which bilberry has been used.
Bilberry's modern reputation as a
healing plant was sparked during World War II, when British Royal Air
Force (RAF) pilots noticed that their night vision was sharper than usual
whenever they ate bilberry preserves before starting out on their evening
bombing raids. Subsequent research revealed that bilberries are powerful
antioxidants, capable of protecting cells in the eye and other parts of
the body against damage from unstable oxygen molecules called free
radicals.
Today, bilberry ranks among the most popular of
supplements for maintaining healthy vision and for treating various vision
disorders, including poor night vision, cataracts, and macular
degeneration.
The anti-inflammatory effects of bilberry
make it useful as a support for healthy digestion and the maintenance of a
soft, healthy lining in the upper digestive tract - particularly the mouth
and throat.
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| | | Indications | | | Primary Indications: Asthenopia (Eyestrain), Diabetic Retinopathy, Macular Degeneration (AMD), Cataracts, Glaucoma
Secondary Indications: Indigestion, Diarrhea (Diarrhoea), Dysentery, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Hemorrhoids, Mouth Ulcers, Scurvy, Ulcers, Urinary Tract Infections and Inflammation, Varicose Veins / Varicosities
Other Indications: Burns, Gout, Rheumatism, Skin Disorders, Uveitis (Eye Inflammation)
Primary Indications: Poor Visual Acuity
Secondary Indications: Mouth / Throat Inflammation, Sore Throat, Swelling / Inflammation
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| | | Actions | | | Antithrombotic, Blood Tonic
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| | | Constituents / Nutrients | | | Berries
Flavonoid Glycosides: Anthocyanins
(particularly glycosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin,
malvidin),(1,2) quercetin-3-glucuronide and
hyperoside.(3)
Polyphenols: Catechin, epicatechin and
tannins.
Other Constituents: Pectins(1) and vitamin
C.
Leaves
Flavonoids: Quercetin and its
glycosides (hyperoside, quercitrin).(1)
Phenolic
Acids: Caffeic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic and
melilotic.(4)
Other Constituents: Tannins and
iridoids.(1)
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| | | Pharmacological Summary | | | Following the claims made by the WWII RAF pilots improved night vision,
researchers identified compounds in the berry called
anthocyanosides.
These substances appear to fortify blood vessel
walls by improving blood circulation and feeding the capillaries. The
ability of fluid and nourishment to pass through the cell walls is
enhanced, and the effectiveness of crucial enzymes in the cells of the
retina is increased. It is the improved blood flow to the tiny blood
vessels that keep eyes healthy, as well as to larger blood vessels that
help maintain good circulation throughout the body. Anthocyanosides also
appear to strengthen collagen, the protein that provides support to
healthy connective tissue.
The other important healing substance in
bilberry fruits, astringent compounds called tannins, help treat such
ailments as diarrhea, sore throat, and inflammations in the mouth. Germany
health authorities approve of bilberry fruit for mild cases of diarrhea
and mouth and throat inflammation. A cooled tea made from the dried
berries can be either drunk or gargled for these
purposes.
Documented scientific evidence from in vitro and
animal studies provides supportive evidence for some of the uses of
bilberry. There have been several clinical studies investigating the
effects of bilberry in a range of conditions. However, many studies have
been uncontrolled, involved only small numbers of patients and had other
methodological flaws. Further, well-designed clinical trials are required
to establish the efficacy of bilberry.
There are some limited
toxicity and safety data for bilberry which together with data on adverse
effects reported in clinical trials provide some support for the safety of
bilberry when used at recommended doses in the short term. However,
further data on the long-term safety of bilberry use are required and,
therefore, excessive use of bilberry should be avoided.
Patients
wishing to use bilberry for medicinal purposes should be advised to
consult a pharmacist, doctor or other suitably trained health care
professional for advice.
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| | | Scientific Research and Pharmacologicial Actions | | | Several pharmacological activities have been documented for bilberry,
including ophthalmic activity and anti-inflammatory, wound-healing,
anti-ulcer, anti-atherosclerotic and vasoprotective properties. The
biochemical, biological, pharmacological and clinical effects of bilberry
have been reviewed.(1)
In vitro and Animal
Studies
An anthocyanidin extract of V. myrtillus has been
reported to act as a superoxide anion scavenger(1,5) and as an inhibitor
of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes(1,5,6) and in mouse liver
tissue in vivo,(5) and to inhibit potassium ion loss induced by free
radicals in human erythrocytes.(1) V. myrtillus extract is stated to have
a potent protective antioxidant action on human low-density lipoproteins
(LDLs) in vitro during copper-mediated oxidation.(7) Oxidative activity is
recognised as a major process in tissue damage in a variety of
pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis. In
addition, oxidative stress is thought to be involved in brain ageing and
age-related neurodegenerative disease. A study in rats reported that,
compared with rats fed a control diet, dietary supplementation of
blueberry (bilberry) extract for eight weeks reversed age-related deficits
in several neuronal and behavioural parameters, such as enhancement of
dopamine release from striatal slices and a water maze performance
test.(8)
V. myrtillus anthocyanins have been reported to
inhibit aggregation of human platelets in vitro in a dose-dependent
manner(9) and, in rats, V. myrtillus anthocyanins administered orally at
doses ranging from 5 to 400 mg/kg have been shown to prolong bleeding time
markedly.(10) Inhibition of platelet aggregation has also been reported in
humans treated with V. myrtillus anthocyanins (see Clinical studies).(11)
In vitro inhibition of elastase, a proteolytic enzyme involved with
elastic fibre and connective tissue degeneration and with some
pathological vascular conditions, has been demonstrated in studies using
anthocyanins extracted from V. myrtillus.(12)
The hypolipidaemic activity of oral administration of extracts of V.
myrtillus leaves has been demonstrated in rats.(13,14) In genetically
hyperlipidaemic rats, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations,
but not free fatty acids, decreased significantly.(13) In
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, plasma glucose concentrations as
well as plasma triglyceride concentrations decreased significantly
compared with values in control rats.(14) In further experiments using
blueberry and clofibrate, both preparations reduced plasma triglyceride
concentrations in a dose-dependent manner in rats fed a hyperlipidaemic
diet and in ethanol-treated normolipidaemic rats.(14) Blueberry, however,
did not prevent fructose-elicited increases in plasma triglyceride
concentrations. Other studies in glucose-loaded mice failed to demonstrate
hypoglycaemic activity following oral administration of blueberry leaf
extract.(15)
Several in vitro studies have demonstrated the
relaxing effects of V. myrtillus anthocyanins on isolated vascular smooth
muscle preparations, including the thoracic vein and splenic and coronary
arteries.(16-18) There is evidence that the mechanism for this smooth
muscle relaxant effect is via stimulation of prostaglandin release within
vessel walls.(19)
Effects of V. myrtillus anthocyanins on enhancing
arterial vasomotion (rhythmic variation of arteriole diameter in the
microvasular network which influences microvascular blood flow and the
formation of interstitial fluid) have been shown in experimental models,
including the cheek pouch microcirculation of hamsters.(20) This model has
also been used to investigate the effects of V. myrtillus anthocyanins on
ischaemia-reperfusion injury.(21) Oral administration for two and four
weeks of Myrtocyan, a commercially available product comprising bilberry
anthocyanin complex, reduced the increase in capillary permeability,
decreased leukocyte adhesion and improved capillary perfusion compared
with controls. In rats, oral administration of V. myrtillus anthocyanins
for 12 days before the induction of hypertension (by ligature of the
abdominal aorta) limited the increase in vascular permeability and
maintained a normal blood-brain barrier
permeability.(22)
Components of bilberry have been reported to
exhibit potential anticarcinogenic activity in vitro as demonstrated by
inhibition of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) by the tumour
promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA).(23)
Myrtocyan and
one of its anthocyanin constituents have been shown to have anti-ulcer
activity in various experimental models of acute gastric ulcer and in
chronic ulcer induced by acetic acid.(24) The mechanism for this may be by
potentiation of the defensive barriers of the gastrointestinal mucosa,
such as the secretion of gastric mucus or stimulation of cellular
regeneration.(24)
Extracts of V. myrtillus leaves have demonstrated
antibacterial activity against several species, including Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli, as determined by the hole-plate diffusion
method and the microdilution broth method.(25) V. myrtillus fruit extracts
were less active.
The pharmacokinetics of V. myrtillus anthocyanins
have been studied in rats.(26) Following a single oral administration,
plasma anthocyanin concentrations peaked after 15 minutes and declined
rapidly within 2 hours. No hepatic first-pass effect was observed;
elimination occurred mostly through the urine and bile.
Clinical
Studies
Clinical studies with extracts of V. myrtillus fruits
(berries) have focused mainly on its therapeutic applications in certain
ophthalmological conditions and in altered microcirculation and peripheral
venous insufficiency. The clinical efficacy of V. myrtillus fruits has
been reviewed.(1)
A study involving 30 healthy subjects with normal
platelet aggregation investigated the effects of administration of V.
myrtillus anthocyanins (Myrtocyan) (480 mg) daily, ascorbic acid 3 g daily
and V. myrtillus anthocyanins plus ascorbic acid on collagen- and
ADP-induced platelet aggregation.(11) Platelet aggregation in blood
samples taken from participants after 30 and 60 days' treatment was
clearly reduced in all subjects compared with baseline values. The
reduction in platelet aggregation was greater in subjects who received V.
myrtillus anthocyanins alone than in those who received ascorbic acid
alone and was most marked in subjects who received both preparations.
Platelet aggregation returned to baseline values when tested 120 days
after discontinuation of treatment.(11)
Early studies involving
healthy subjects and patients with visual disorders who received V.
myrtillus extracts alone or in combination with beta-carotene and vitamin
E reported improvements in night vision and faster adjustment to darkness
and restoration of visual acuity following exposure to a bright flash of
light.(1) Other studies reported improvements in retinal sensitivity and
the visual field in patients with myopia or glaucoma following short- or
long-term (six months) treatment with V. myrtillus anthocyanins.(1)
However, all these studies appear to have been uncontrolled. Other
uncontrolled studies in small numbers of patients with retinal pathologies
have reported improvements in retinal function, compared with pretreatment
values (e.g. ref. 27).
In a randomised, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial, 40 patients with diabetic and/or hypertensive
retinopathy received Myrtocyan (160 mg) twice daily or placebo for one
month.(28) At the end of the study, the placebo group received Myrtocyan
for one month. It was reported that 77-90% of treated patients experienced
improvement compared with the pretreatment period, as determined by
ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein fundus angiography.(28) However, there does
not appear to have been a statistical comparison between the treatment and
placebo groups. A similar placebo-controlled trial involving 40 patients
with early-phase diabetic retinopathy who received Myrtocyan for 12 months
also reported improvements in Myrtocyan-treated patients.(29)
In a
randomised, double-blind trial involving 51 patients with mild senile
cortical cataract who received V. myrtillus anthocyanins plus vitamin E
twice daily for four months, treated patients showed significant
improvements in lens opacity compared with placebo
recipients.(30)
Studies involving patients with peripheral vascular
disorders of various origins are stated to have demonstrated clinical
benefits with V. myrtillus extracts.(1) Other studies in patients with
ulcerative dermatitis secondary to post-thrombotic or venous varicose
stasis, capillary fragility secondary to liver disorders and other
conditions, or chronic venous insufficiency have been reported to have
shown improvements in clinical signs and symptoms.(1) However, several of
these studies appear to have been uncontrolled (e.g. refs 31-33) and/or
included only small numbers of patients (e.g. refs 31 and 32). A
double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 47 patients with
peripheral vascular disorders reported reductions in subjective symptoms,
such as paraesthesia, pain and heaviness and improved oedema in patients
treated with Myrtocyan (480 mg/day) for 30 days.(1) A single-blind study
involving 60 patients with venous insufficiency who received Myrtocyan
(480 mg/day) or placebo for 30 days reported significant improvements in
oedema, paraesthesia, cramp-like pain and pressure sensation in
Myrtocyan-treated patients compared with pretreatment values in these
patients.(1)
V. myrtillus anthocyanins have been investigated in a
variety of other disorders.
A randomised, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial of V. myrtillus anthocyanins (320 mg/day) taken
for three days before menstruation was conducted involving 30 patients
with chronic primary dysmenorrhoea.(34) Significant differences between
the active treatment and placebo groups were reported for several symptoms
investigated, including nausea and vomiting and breast tenderness; there
was no effect on headache.
A trial involving 60 patients who had undergone haemorrhoidectomy who were
randomised to receive V. myrtillus anthocyanins (320-480 mg/day)
postoperatively in addition to usual medical care or to no additional
treatment reported reductions in itch and oedema, but no effect on other
symptoms, in bilberry recipients.(35)
Other studies, all of which
were uncontrolled, have reported beneficial effects following
administration of V. myrtillus extracts in patients with fibrocystic
mastopathy(36) and type II diabetes mellitus,(37) in infantile
dyspepsia(38) and in pregnant women with lower limb venous insufficiency
and acute-phase haemorrhoids.(39)
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| | | Research | | | "Bilberry and Herbal Medicine"
"Bilberries: For Better Eyesight and Improved Circulation"
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| | | Precautions / Contraindications | | | Generally speaking, bilberry appears to be safe to take at commonly
recommended dosages. If you suspect that you have developed an eye problem
or a circulation disorder, consult your doctor for a diagnosis. If you
have a case of diarrhea that persists beyond a few days, consult your
doctor.
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| | | Interaction with Medications | | | In view of the inhibitory effects of V. myrtillus anthocyanins on platelet
aggregation, the use of bilberry concurrently with other anti-platelet
agents and anti-coagulants may enhance the risk of bleeding.
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| | | Possible Side Effects | | | A review of clinical trials of V. myrtillus extracts stated that no
adverse effects had been observed, even following prolonged treatment.(1)
However, most trials involved relatively small numbers of patients and,
therefore, would only be able to detect very common acute adverse
effects.
The same review summarised the results of an unpublished
postmarketing surveillance study which had involved 2295 subjects who had
taken Myrto cyan, usually 160 mg twice daily for 1-2 months, for lower
limb venous insufficiency, capillary fragility, functional changes in
retinal microcirculation or haemorrhoids. Ninety-four subjects reported
side-effects, mainly relating to the skin and gastro intestinal and
nervous systems.(1)
Long-term consumption of bilberry leaves may
lead to toxicity. Chronic administration of doses of 1.5 g/kg per day or
more to animals has been reported to be fatal.(G2)
Unpublished
animal toxicity data for Myrtocyan have also been summarised.(1) In mice
and rats, the LD50 for Myrtocyan is over 2000 mg/kg and, in dogs, single
doses of 3000 mg/kg produced no adverse effects other than marked
darkening of urine and faeces (demonstrating absorption). Oral daily doses
to rats and dogs of 125-500 and 80-320 mg/kg, respectively, for six months
did not induce mortality or toxic effects.(1) Pharmacokinetic studies of
V. myrtillus anthocyanins in rats demonstrated that anthocyanins are
removed rapidly from the systemic circulation within 2 hours of oral
administration.(26)
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| | | Dosage | | | In parts of Europe, high-quality, pharmaceutical-grade bilberry is made
into potent extracts from the whole, dried, ripe fruit. The extracts of
anthocyanidins are then standardized to a certain level for greatest
effectiveness. Look for extracts standardized to contain 23% to37%
bilberry anthocyanosides.
Bilberry has been used internally as well
as externally in the form of compresses and other formulations made from
the strong tea (which is then cooled).
For cataracts, macular
degeneration, and other eye problems: Take 80-160 mg of standardized
extract or 1/2 teaspoon liquid extract two or three times a
day.
For the prevention of diabetic retinopathy: Take 80-160
mg (standardized to 25-37% anthocyanosides) three times a
day.
For varicose veins: Take 80-160 mg standardized extract
three times a day.
For sore throat and diarrhea: Prepare
bilberry tea by pouring 1 cup of very hot water over 1 or 2 tablespoons of
dried whole berries (or 2 or 3 teaspoons of crushed berries). Let the tea
steep, covered, for 10 minutes, then strain. Commercial tea bags are also
available. Drink up to 4 cups daily as
needed.
Tips:
Bilberry extract can be taken with or
without food.
The dried fruits of the bilberry plant are safe to
use, but it's probably best to avoid the leaves because not much is known
about their effectiveness or safety.
Browse Sections | View Bilberry products
| | | References | | | 1. Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. Vaccinium myrtillus L. Fitoterapia 1996;
66: 3-29.
2. Di Pierro F, Morazzoni P. Reaping the benefits: the role
of two edible plants (Vaccinium myrtillus and Glycine max). Proceedings of
the Herbal Medicine in the New Millenium Conference, Lismore, NSW,
Australia, 1999: 146-150.
3. Fraisse D et al. Composition polyph‚nolique de la feuille de myrtille.
Ann Pharm Fr 1996; 54: 280-283.(PubMed)
4. Dombrowicz E et al. Phenolic acids in leaves of Arctostaphylos uva
ursi L., Vaccinium vitis idaea L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. Pharmazie
1991; 46: 680-681.(PubMed)
5. Mart¡n-Aragon S et al. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of
Vaccinium myrtillus. Pharm Biol 1999; 37: 109-113.
6. Mart¡n-Aragon S et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus L.
Phytother Res 1998; 12(): S104-S106.
7. Laplaud PM et al. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on
human low-density lipoproteins in vitro: initial observations. Fund Clin
Pharmacol 1997; 11: 35-40.
8. Joseph JA et al. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal
transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry,
spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. J Neurosci 1999; 19:
8114-8121.(PubMed)
9. Bottecchia D et al. Preliminary report on the inhibitory effect of
Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on platelet aggregation and clot
retraction. Fitoterapia 1987; 58: 3-8.
10. Morazzoni P, Magistretti MJ. Activity of Myrto cyan, an anthocyanin
complex from Vaccinium myrtillus (VMA), on platelet aggregation and
adhesiveness. Fitoterapia 1990; 61: 13-21.
11. Pulliero G et al. Ex vivo study of the inhibitory effects of Vaccinium
myrtillus anthocyanosides on human platelet aggregation. Fitoterapia 1989;
60: 69-75.
12. Jonadet M et al. Anthocyanosides extraits de Vitis vinifera, de
Vaccinium myrtillus et de Pinus maritimus. J Pharm Belg 1983; 38:
41-46.(PubMed)
13. Cignarella A et al. Hypolipidaemic activity of Vaccinium myrtillus
leaves on a new model of genetically hyperlipidaemic rat. Planta Med 1992;
58(1): A581-A582.
14. Cignarella A et al. Novel lipid-lowering properties of Vaccinium
myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several
models of rat dyslipidaemia: a comparison with clofibrate. Thromb Res
1996; 84: 311-322.(PubMed)
15. Neef H et al. Hypogylcaemic activity of selected European plants.
Phytother Res 1995; 9: 45-48.
16. Bettini V et al. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on
vascular smooth muscle. Fitoterapia 1984; 55: 265-272.
17. Bettini V et al. Interactions between Vaccinium myrtillus
anthocyanosides and serotonin on splenic artery smooth muscle. Fitoterapia
1984; 55: 201-208.
18. Bettini V et al. Mechanical responses of isolated coronary arteries to
barium in the presence of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. Fitoterapia
1985; 56: 3-10.
19. Morazzoni P, Magistretti MJ. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus
anthocyanosides on prostacyclin-like activity in rat arterial tissue.
Fitoterapia 1986; 57: 11-14.
20. Colantuoni A et al. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on
arterial vasomotion. Arzneimittelforschung 1991; 41: 905-909.(PubMed)
21. Bertuglia S et al. Effect of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on
ischaemia reperfusion injury in hamster cheek pouch microcirculation.
Pharmacol Res 1995; 31: 183-187.(PubMed)
22. Detre Z et al. Studies on vascular permeability in hypertension:
action of anthocyanosides. Clin Physiol Biochem 1986; 4:
143-149.(PubMed)
23. Bomser J et al. In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from
Vaccinium species. Planta Med 1996; 62: 212-216.(PubMed)
24. Magistretti MJ et al. Antiulcer activity of an anthocyanidin from
Vaccinium myrtillus. Arzneimittelforschung 1988; 38: 686-690.(PubMed)
25. Brantner A, Grein E. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts used
externally in traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 1994; 44:
35-40.(PubMed)
26. Morazzoni P et al. Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides
pharmacokinetics in rats. Arzneimmittelforschung 1991; 41: 128-131.
27. Forte R et al. Fitotherapy and ophthalmology: considerations on
dynamized myrtillus retinal effects with low luminance visual acuity. Ann
Ottal Clin Ocul 1996; 122: 325-333.
28. Perossini M et al. Diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy therapy with
Vaccinium myrtillus anthocianosides (Tegens) double-blind
placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1988; 113:
1173-1190.
29. Repossi P et al. The role of anthocyanosides on vascular permeability
in diabetic retinopathy. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1987; 113: 357-361.
30. Bravetti GO et al. Preventive medical treatment of senile cataract
with vitamin E and Vaccinium myrtillus anthocianosides: clinical
evaluation. Ann Ottal Clin Ocul 1989; 115: 109-116.
31. Coget J, Merlen JF. tude clinique d'un nouvel agent de protection
vasculaire le difrarel 20, compos‚ d'anthocyanosides extraits du Vaccinum
myrtillus. Phlebologie 1968; 21: 221-228.(PubMed)
32. Piovella F et al. Impiego di antocianosidi da Vaccinium myrtillus al
25% come antocianidine nel trattamento della diatesi emorragica da deficit
dell'emostasi primaria. Gaz Med It 1981; 140: 445-449.
33. Tori A, D'Errico F. Gli antocianosidi da Vaccinium myrtillus nella
cura delle flebopatie da stasi degli arti inferiori. Gaz Med It 1980; 139:
217-224.
34. Colombo D, Vescovini R. Studio clinico controllato sull'efficacia
degli antocianosidi del mirtillo cel trattamento della dismenorrea
essenziale. Giorn It Ost Gin 1985; 7: 1033-1038.
35. Pezzangora V et al. La terapia medica con antocianosidi del mirtillo
nei pazienti operati di emorroidectomia. Gaz Med It 1984; 143: 405-409.
36. Leonardi M. Il trattamento della mastopatia fibrosa con antocianosidi
di mirtillo. Minerva Ginecol 1993; 45: 617-621.(PubMed)
37. Ionescu-Tirgoviste C et al. Efectul unui amestec pe plante asupra
echilibrului metabolic la bolnavii cu diabet zaharat de tip 2. Med Intern
1989; 41: 185-192.
38. Tolan L et al. Utilizarea prafului de afine in dispepsiile sugarului.
Pediatria 1969; 18: 375-379.(PubMed)
39. Teglio L et al. Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides in the treatment
of venous insufficiency of inferior limbs and acute piles in pregnancy.
Quaderni Clin Osterica Ginecol 1987; 42: 221-231.
Our thanks to
the following information resources: MedicinesComplete.com,
WholeheatlthMD.com.
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| |
| | 1 product | | | Bilberry (Read all about Bilberry.)
Botanical Latin Name: Vaccinium myrtillus
Plant Part: Fruit (berries) and leaves. | |
| | |
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease. If conditions persist, please seek advice from your medical doctor.
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