| Acknowledgements | |
| Note on terminology | |
| Abbreviations | |
| Introduction | 1 |
| Pt. 1 | Pre-GATT Preference and the MFN Response | 11 |
| 1 | Interwar Preference and the Case for MFN | 13 |
| 1.1 | Introduction | 13 |
| 1.2 | The Paris Convention (1916) and inter-war preferences | 14 |
| 1.3 | MFN issues prior to Geneva negotiations (1947) | 17 |
| 1.4 | Categorising inter-war preferential systems | 24 |
| 1.5 | Chapter Conclusion | 28 |
| 2 | ITO Negotiations for a Regional Exception | 31 |
| 2.1 | Introduction | 31 |
| 2.2 | Havana provisions for future preference systems | 33 |
| 2.3 | The resulting intent of the Havana provisions | 43 |
| 2.4 | Part One Conclusion: the final GATT Article XXIV requirements | 48 |
| Pt. 2 | Regionalism in the GATT (1947) | 55 |
| 3 | Article XXIV in Practice: The Overseas Association | 57 |
| 3.1 | Introduction | 57 |
| 3.2 | Overview of Association issues | 57 |
| 3.3 | Issues regarding permitted exceptions | 59 |
| 3.4 | Issues regarding "substantially-all trade" | 64 |
| 3.5 | Chapter Conclusion: commitment as a standard for review | 68 |
| 4 | Systemic Issues in GATT-47 Reviews | 73 |
| 4.1 | Introduction | 73 |
| 4.2 | Coverage issues raised in later reviews | 73 |
| 4.3 | Developed-developing territories and reverse preferences | 75 |
| 4.4 | Institutional factors in the review process | 80 |
| 4.5 | The Article XXIV paradox | 84 |
| 4.6 | Chapter Conclusion | 85 |
| 5 | The GATT Panel Practice Response (Bananas I and II) | 87 |
| 5.1 | Introduction | 87 |
| 5.2 | First case: EEC-Member States' Import Regimes for Bananas, DS32/R (1993) | 88 |
| 5.3 | Second case: EEC-Import Regime for Bananas, DS38/R (1994) | 94 |
| 5.4 | Chapter Conclusion: the legal effect of non-decisions | 98 |
| 6 | Economic (Customs Union) Theory and Article XXIV | 101 |
| 6.1 | Introduction | 101 |
| 6.2 | The divergent views of law and economy | 102 |
| 6.3 | Does GATT Article XXIV accommodate a welfare test? | 108 |
| 6.4 | Justifying internal trade | 113 |
| 6.5 | Part Two Conclusion: restraining national prerogative | 117 |
| Pt. 3 | Regional Practice in the WTO | 123 |
| 7 | Modern Regionalism | 127 |
| 7.1 | Introduction: is new regionalism the same as the old? | 127 |
| 7.2 | The WTO in the post cold-war era | 130 |
| 7.3 | Chapter Conclusion: new regionalism as a WTO system loophole | 142 |
| 8 | The Choice of Framework: Origin Rules and Internal Trade | 145 |
| 8.1 | Introduction: the choice of a legal framework | 145 |
| 8.2 | Origin rules in preferential formations, bilateral coverage | 148 |
| 8.3 | Origin designation and area definition | 155 |
| 8.4 | Chapter Conclusion: an Article XXIV requirement for origin and cumulation | 167 |
| 9 | Regional Safeguards and Restrictive Measures | 171 |
| 9.1 | Introduction | 171 |
| 9.2 | GATT-1947 Article XIX provisions | 172 |
| 9.3 | GATT-1994 Agreement on Safeguards | 173 |
| 9.4 | EEC safeguard regimes - Central and Eastern Europe | 176 |
| 9.5 | NAFTA countervailing duty action: Canadian softwood | 183 |
| 9.6 | Chapter Conclusion: safeguards and regionalism | 188 |
| Pt. 4 | The WTO Response | 191 |
| 10 | Article XXIV Panel and Appellate Body Practice in the WTO | 193 |
| 10.1 | Introduction | 193 |
| 10.2 | Turkey Panel - Restrictions on Imports of Textile and Clothing Products | 195 |
| 10.3 | Preliminary issues before the Panel | 196 |
| 10.4 | Violations of GATT Article XI, XIII and 2.4 ATC | 199 |
| 10.5 | Party arguments and Panel treatment of Article XXIV | 200 |
| 10.6 | Turkey Textiles Appellate Body Report | 209 |
| 10.7 | Appellate Body findings and supporting argument | 210 |
| 10.8 | Conclusion on the Turkey Reports | 216 |
| 10.9 | Argentina Footwear Appellate Body Report | 219 |
| 10.10 | Appellate Body treatment of Article XXIV issues | 222 |
| 10.11 | Conclusion on the Argentina Reports | 226 |
| 11 | Systemic Issues in the CRTA | 227 |
| 11.1 | Introduction | 227 |
| 11.2 | CRTA systemic issues | 228 |
| 11.3 | Individual Article provisions | 234 |
| 11.4 | Paragraph 8 and the exhaustive listing | 239 |
| 11.5 | ORCs and ORRCs | 250 |
| 11.6 | Institutional considerations | 255 |
| Pt. 5 | Restraining Regionalism in the New Millennium Introduction: WTO Rules in a Multipolar System | 259 |
| 12 | A Treaty Law Framework for the Internal Trade Requirement | 265 |
| 12.1 | Introduction | 265 |
| 12.2 | Modifications and suspensions in GATT-47 practice | 265 |
| 12.3 | The Vienna Convention (VCLT) and the WTO | 271 |
| 12.4 | GATT/WTO provisions for permissive modifications | 276 |
| 12.5 | Chapter Conclusion | 283 |
| 13 | Book Conclusion: Recent Developments | 287 |
| 13.1 | Introduction | 287 |
| 13.2 | The Cotonou framework | 288 |
| 13.3 | The EPAs and Article XXIV | 291 |
| 13.4 | Installing a fixed criteria for SAT | 291 |
| 13.5 | Proposals to amend Article XXIV to accommodate the EPAs | 292 |
| 13.6 | Book Conclusion | 295 |
| Appendices | 297 |
| App. 1 | GATT Article XXIV | 299 |
| App. 2 | GATT-1994 Understanding on the Interpretation of Art. XXIV | 302 |
| App. 3 | Committee on Regional Trade Agreements Annual Reports (extracted) | 306 |
| References | 311 |
| Books and Journals | 311 |
| European Community Documents | 316 |
| GATT/WTO Documents and Publications | 317 |
| GATT-47 Reviews of notified regional trade agreements | 317 |
| Other Organisational Documents and Publications | 318 |
| Index | 319 |
Format: Paperback, 350 pages
