| List of Plates | |
| Explanatory Notes to the Plates | |
| List of Maps | |
| List of Tables | |
| Abbreviations | |
| 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| 2 | On the Threshold of the Modern Era | 9 |
| The Rise of Holland | 9 |
| Under the Burgundians | 21 |
| The Early Habsburg Netherlands | 29 |
| The Institutions of the Habsburg Netherlands | 35 |
| 3 | Humanism and the Origins of the Reformation, 1470-1520 | 41 |
| 4 | Territorial Consolidation, 1516-1559 | 55 |
| 5 | The Early Dutch Reformation, 1519-1565 | 74 |
| The Netherlands Church on the Eve of the Reformation | 74 |
| The Impact of Luther | 79 |
| Fragmentation | 84 |
| Spiritualism and the Impact of Persecution | 96 |
| The Rise of Calvinism | 101 |
| 6 | Society before the Revolt | 106 |
| The Land, Rural Society, and Agriculture | 106 |
| Urbanization | 113 |
| The Urban Economy | 116 |
| Institutions of Civic Life: Guilds, Militias, Chambers of Rhetoric | 119 |
| Poverty and Civic Welfare | 123 |
| The Regents | 125 |
| 7 | The Breakdown of the Habsburg Regime, 1549-1566 | 129 |
| The Seeds of Revolt | 129 |
| Crisis, 1559-1566 | 137 |
| 8 | Repression under Alva, 1567-1572 | 155 |
| 9 | The Revolt Begins | 169 |
| 10 | The Revolt and the Emergence of a New State | 179 |
| The Revolt Survives, 1573-1575 | 179 |
| From the Pacification of Ghent (1576) to the Union of Utrecht (1579) | 184 |
| The Two Netherlands | 196 |
| The Habsburg Reconquest of the South, 1579-1585 | 205 |
| The North Netherlands under Leicester, 1585-1587 | 220 |
| 11 | Consolidation of the Republic, 1588-1590 | 233 |
| 12 | The Republic Becomes a Great Power, 1590-1609 | 241 |
| Territorial Expansion | 241 |
| The Fixed Garrison System | 262 |
| The Dutch Military Reforms and their European Significance | 267 |
| The Dutch in Europe: Skills, Technology, and Engineering | 271 |
| 13 | The Institutions of the Republic | 276 |
| The Provinces | 276 |
| Taxation and the Tax System | 285 |
| The Generality | 291 |
| The Generality Lands | 297 |
| The Stadholderate | 300 |
| 14 | The Commencement of Dutch World Trade Primacy | 307 |
| Revolt, Commerce, and Migration from the South | 307 |
| The Changing Balance between 'Bulk-Carrying' and the 'Rich Trades' | 315 |
| The Beginnings of the Dutch Colonial Empire | 318 |
| 15 | Society after the Revolt | 328 |
| Urbanization | 328 |
| Rural Society | 332 |
| The Nobility | 337 |
| The Regents | 341 |
| The Merchant Elite | 344 |
| The Elite of the Skilled | 348 |
| Wages | 351 |
| Civic Poor Relief and Charitable Institutions | 353 |
| 16 | Protestantization, Catholicization, Confessionalization | 361 |
| The Confessional Arena | 361 |
| The Organization of the Dutch Reformed Church | 367 |
| The Rejection of Toleration | 372 |
| The Catholic Revival | 377 |
| Confessionalization and the State | 390 |
| Anabaptism and the Confessionalization Process | 395 |
| 17 | The Separation of Identities: The Twelve Years Truce | 399 |
| The Pressure to Negotiate | 399 |
| The Political and Economic Consequences of the Truce | 405 |
| 'South' confronts 'North' | 410 |
| 18 | Crisis within the Dutch Body Politic, 1607-1616 | 421 |
| 19 | The Fall of the Oldenbarnevelt Regime, 1616-1618 | 433 |
| 20 | The Calvinist Revolution of the Counter-Remonstrants, 1618-1621 | 450 |
| Domestic Politics | 450 |
| The Synod of Dordrecht (Dordt), 1618-1619 | 460 |
| Maurits, the Counter-Remonstrants, and the Commencement of the Thirty Years War | 465 |
| The Beginnings of the Further Reformation | 474 |
| 21 | The Republic under Siege, 1621-1628 | 478 |
| Maurits's last Years, 1621-1625 | 478 |
| The Commencement of Frederik Hendrik's Stadholderate | 485 |
| Politics, Ideology, and the Great Dutch Toleration Debate of the late 1620s | 499 |
| 22 | The Republic in Triumph, 1629-1647 | 506 |
| Frederik Hendri |