* Please Note: This information is based partly on Traditional Medicine which uses natural materials to support health. This information has not been evaluated or approved by the FDA. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease. If conditions persist, please seek advice from your medical doctor.
Description
Name
Pinus sylvestris L., (Pinaceae), commonly called pine. In French, it is Pin sylvestre; in German, it is Wald-Kiefer or Föhre. Essential oil is also obtained from P. palustris and other Pinue species.
Source
Pine trees can be found growing in light sandy soils around the world. The resin from Pinus palustris is used to make turpentine. The essential oil obtained from the needles is usually added to liniments used to treat muscle sprains, while the sprouts, collected in spring from P. silvestris, are used to treat cough and respiratory infections. Pine bark, particularly that of P. silvestris contains a clinically promising antioxidant called pycnogenol.
History
Pine oils have been used as liniments, and for bathing, since ancient times. Homeopaths, in particular, recommended external application of the oil as a treatment for symptoms of arthritis.
Traditional Claims
Pine is used to increase secretions, as a mild antiseptic and to increase circulation.
Commission E Recommendations
The Commission recommends pine oil as an internal treatment for inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and externally for rheumatic and neuralgic complaints. It recommends using the sprouts for essentially the same conditions.
Proven Effects
Turpentine is not prescribed by allopathic physicians. Although Commission E recommends both the essential oil and the sprouts for upper respiratory infections, these recommendations have never been validated in a clinical trial.
Pycnogenol (classified chemically as a procynanadin), found in the bark, has been studied extensively in the laboratory where it has been found to be an effective antioxidant/free radical-scavenger. But, in addition to its antioxidant activity, it stimulates nitric oxide production (ginkgo biloba does the same thing), an effect which could counteract many of the deleterious actions of the stress hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Nitric oxide also stops platelets from sticking to each other and prevents the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, two actions which could protect against atherogenesis and thrombus formation.
Even the sawdust remaining after pine trees are processed in lumber mills seems to be of some value in preventing heart disease. A chemical called sitosterol is extracted from the residue and converted into sitostanol, a compound that prevents the absorption of cholesterol from the gastrointestinal tract. Sitostanol is the active ingredient in the cholesterol-lowering margarine sold in Europe that will soon be introduced in the United States.
Dosage
Commission E recommends a daily dose of 2 to 3 grams of fresh or dry pine sprouts for respiratory infections. Alternatively, several drops of pine oil can be placed in hot water and inhaled. For sprains and muscle aches, a few drops of the oil should be rubbed into the tender area.
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Directions
Take 1 capsule, 3 times daily, with meals.
Cautions
Concerns
The essential oil can be very irritating when applied to mucous membranes.
Warnings
Very large doses of turpentine can cause seizure and even coma, although the few case reports in the literature suggest that most overdose victims recover.
Drug Testing
None of the components of the essential oil should interfere or interact in any way with standard workplace urine drug screening tests.
Additional Information
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These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease.
