* Please Note: This information is based partly on Traditional Medicine which uses natural materials to support health. This information has not been evaluated or approved by the FDA. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease. If conditions persist, please seek advice from your medical doctor.
Description
Milk Thistle Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.
Family: Asteraceae.
Other Names: Chardon Marie (French); Mariendistel (German); carduo mariana (Italian); cards mariano (Spanish)
Description: Milk-thistle is a biennial herb (up to 2 m) bearing dark green leaves mottled with white along the veins and with toothed, spiny margins. Numerous purple florers are borne in large, spiny heads. The fruits are brown to blackish achenes of about 6 mm long.
Origin: Southern Europe, North Africa and western Asia. It has become naturalised in North America, South America, Australia and central Europe. The product is harvested from cultivated plants.
Parts Used: Ripe fruit (Cardui mariae fructus); less commonly the aerial parts.
Uses and Properties: Fruits are taken as a bitter digestive tonic in case of dyspepsia and disorders of the biliary system, while extracts are used for their hepatoprotective properties (toxic liver damage, especially after poisoning by Amanita toxins - phalloidin and alpha-amanitin -, chronic liver inflammation and cirrhosis). Leaves and aboveground parts are thought to have cholagogue properties and have been used in supportive treatment of biliary conditions and liver disorders.
Preparation and Dosage: A daily dose of about 12 - 15 g of dry fruits is recommended, while an extract containing 200 - 400 mg of silymarin is considered an effective dose.
Active Ingredients: Up to 30% lipids and 30% proteins are the main ingredients of fruits, but the hepatoprotective activity is ascribed to a mixture of flavonolignans (2 - 3%) known as silymarin. It contains about 50% silybinin (a benzodioxane) and smaller amounts of isosilybinin, silychristin and silydianin.
Pharmacological Effects: Silymarin shows antihepatotoxic effects (it prevents liver toxins from entering the liver cells and also stimulates regeneration and the formation of new liver cells). Silymarin significantly improves survival of patients with chronic liver disease (usually caused by alcohol abuse). Silybinin infusion therapy has resulted in a decline in fatal mushroom poisoning caused by the death cap, Amanita plialloides. Silybinin reactivates protein synthesis in the liver that is normally blocked by amanitin and other mushroom toxins. The efficacy of the drug to treat patients with toxic liver defects and liver cirrhosis was demonstrated in controlled clinical studies.
Status: Pharm.; Comm. E+; WHO 2; clinical studies+.
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Directions
Stir 1/4 of a teaspoon into a glass of water and consume 3 times daily, with meals.
Cautions
Not recommended for pregnant or lactating women.
Additional Information
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These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Products are intended to support general well being and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure any condition or disease. If conditions persist, please seek advice from your medical doctor. The essence of the current American rule on Traditional Uses is, as stated by FTC, "Claims based on historical or traditional use should be substantiated by confirming scientific evidence, or should be presented in such a way that consumers understand that the sole basis for the claim is a history of use of the product for a particular purpose."
